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ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 313 Sequestration http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52063 tems, the thermal impact is much reduced by disposing of waste geothermal water using deep re-injection approach so that the thermal impact of the waste heat becomes insignifi‐ cant (Dickson & Fanelli, 2005). Appropriate measures should be applied to prevent leakage of the binary working fluid from ORC power generation units to the environment (Yamada & Oyama, 2004); normally the installations of these units are made perfectly tight to meet high safety standards. In theory, geothermal energy potential is present below the entire surface of the Earth. In practice however, special geologic settings are required for geothermal energy to be eco‐ nomically exploited (Grasby et al., 2011). Generating electricity using ORC-based geother‐ mal technology is very cost-effective and reliable (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008; Dickson & Fanelli, 2005). Table 1 compares electrical energy costs produced by various re‐ newable energy technologies.The cost of geothermal energy for generating electricity is fa‐ vourable compared to other energy sources. The reported costs of low-temperature based small geothermal power plants vary from 0.05 to 0.07 US$/kWh for units generating < 5 MWe (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). Renewable Energy Source Geothermal Wind Solar photovoltaic Solar thermal Biomass Tidal Hydro Current Energy Cost (US cents/kWh) 2-10 5-13 25-125 12-18 5-15 8-15 2-10 Turnkey Investment Cost (US$/kWe) 800 – 3,000 1,100 – 1,700 5,000 – 10,000 3,000 – 4,000 900 – 3,000 1,700 – 2,500 1,000 – 3,000 Potential Future Energy Cost (US cents/kWh) 1-8 3-10 5-25 4-10 4-10 8-15 NA Table 1. Energy and investment costs for electric power production from different renewable energy sources (Hammons, 2004; Dickson & Fanelli, 2005). The unit cost of electricity generated from low-temperature geothermal based small power plants is compared in Table 2. Moreover, the unit cost of electricity from small-scale geother‐ mal plants (<5 MWe) is much lower than the average cost of 0.25 US$/kWh supplied through diesel generators (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). The total investment for a geo‐ thermal power plant mainly includes the following types of costs: (1) cost of exploitation, (2) cost of drilling, (3) cost of power plant (capital cost of design and construction), and (4) op‐ erating & maintenance costs (Chandrasekharam& Bundschuh, 2008). The first two types are referred to as subsurface costs whereas the other two are referred to surface costs. The high initial investments incurred through the exploration, drilling and development of wells and the production field is an important constraint on future geothermal power development. Despite low maintenance and operational costs, high initial investments are often a strongPDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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