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ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 317 Sequestration http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52063 ergy from the rock by injecting cool fluid (typically water) through the injection well and producing hot fluid (in some cases steam)from the production wells, and (8) Operating the ORC power plant and maintain the EGS reservoir. EGS for power generation is still relatively novel technology and remains to be proved on a large scale. Engineers & researchers in several countries throughout the world have been working on advancing EGS technology for few decades, but the technology has received limited attention and minimal financial support from either the public or private sector, with the exception of Australia’s significant market investments. The high cost of drilling, which is estimated to account for a third to a half of EGS projected costs, is a major challenge to the technology (Stephens & Jiusto, 2010). The risks and uncertainties associated with EGS technology are other barriers as well. 3.2. Environmental and economic aspectsof EGS for power generation It was reported (Grasby et al., 2011) that impacts of geothermal development are relatively minor compared to many other energy developments, however there are still importantchal‐ lenges to be addressed. More particularly, it was reported (Azim et al., 2010) that the overall impact of EGS power generation plants on environment is remarkably lower than other con‐ ventional fossil fuel-fired and nuclear power plants.In addition, EGS plants may have lower impacts in comparison with other renewable energy sources such as solar, wind, hydroelec‐ tric, and biomass on an equivalent energy-output basis. This is primarily because a geother‐ mal energy source is contained subsurface and need not to be exposed in the atmosphere and the surface energy conversion system (e.g. ORC unit) is relatively compact, thus making the overall size of the entire system attractively small. EGS power plants also provide envi‐ ronmental benefits by having minimal GHGand other emissions (zero emissions for the case of using ORC technology). Distinct from the conventional fossil fuels, there are minimal dis‐ charges of CO2, nitrogen or sulphur oxides or particulate matter resulting from its use, and there is no need to dispose radioactive materials. However, still there are impacts that must be considered and managed if enhanced geothermal energy resource is to be developed as part of a more environmentally sound, sustainable energy source for the future. The major environmental challenges for EGS are associated with ground water use and contamination, with related concerns about induced seismicity or subsidence as a result of water injection and production. Induced seismicity is a phenomenon in which a change in fluid pressure within a stressed rock formation leads to movement of the fractured rocks; the energy re‐ leased is transmitted through the subsurface rock and may reach the surface with enough intensity to be heard or felt by people in the surrounding region (DiPippo, 2008; Majer et al., 2007). To mitigate risks related to induced seismicity, strategies and procedures are needed to set requirements for seismic monitoring and for prolonged EGS field operation. Technolo‐ gies for imaging fluid pathways induced/injected by hydraulic stimulation in EGS fields would constitute a key improvement of the EGS concept. Issues of noise, safety and land use associated with drilling and production operations are also important but can be fully man‐ ageable (Huenges, 2010; Majorowicz& Grasby, 2010; Azim et al., 2010).PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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