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318 New Developments in Renewable Energy EGS technology has impacts on the global and local environment (Huenges, 2010; DiPippo, 2008). Therefore, it is important to identify and evaluate any impact which results from the implementation of an EGS plant at the beginning of a project. The goal must be to avoid or minimize adverse impacts on the environment during all stages of an EGS project (e.g., con‐ struction, operation, and deconstruction) and to meet the objectives and requirements of en‐ vironment protection and preservation of finite resources (Huenges, 2010; Stephens & Jiusto, 2010). Potential impactsneed to be addressedduring planning environmentally sound EGS plants. The relevance and extent of the addressed impacts can vary from location to location. Even if EGS plants are not related to (continuous) gaseous emissions during operation (due to the carrying of the geothermal fluid in a closed loop system on the surface), environmen‐ tal impacts such as airborne emissions or the consumptions of the finite energy resources (such as steel used for well completion or fuel for drilling rig operation) occur during other life cycle stages, therefore, all life cycle stages need to be considered in order to analyze the environmental performance of an EGS plant. In this regard, life cycle analysis (LCA) is a widely applied approach to evaluate and compare specific environmental impacts of differ‐ ent products or technologies (Huenges, 2010; Frick et al., 2010). The idea is to carry out a de‐ tailed analysis of the life cycle of the product or a duty emerged in response to increased environmental awareness of the public, the governments, and the industries. An LCA in‐ volves two main stages: the collection of a data, related to the product or duty and relevant for the environment, and interpretation of the collected information. For transparency and traceability of LCA results, standards, such as ISO 14040, ISO 14044 have been developed (Huenges, 2010; Frick et al., 2010). Based on this approach, aspects, which influence the envi‐ ronmental impact during the life cycle, and parameters, which need to be considered in the planning of the environmentally sound EGS plants, can be identified. According to given standards, the LCA is carried out in four steps: (1) Goal and scope definition to assess select‐ ed environmental effects (e.g., global warming potential, cumulated demand of finite energy resources, etc.) in the different life cycle stages and throughout the whole life cycle of EGS plants, (2) Inventory analysis, (3) Impact analysis to quantify the environmental effects (all inventoried material and energy flows are transformed to different impact indicators based on certain conversion factors), and (4) Interpretation of the results from the impact analysis. EGS plants are related to different impacts on diverse parts of the local environment and dif‐ ferent characteristics regarding their duration (continuous or temporary), reversibility, and their degree of probability. Many of the impacts on the local environment are related to as‐ sessing the EGS reservoir. Most of these impacts are known and technologicallymanageable based on the oil and gas exploration experiences. Adverse effects due to reservoir exploita‐ tion can be avoided with proper reservoir management and monitoring. Environmental im‐ pacts from the construction and operating the surface facilities are comparatively low (Dickson & Fanelli, 2005; DiPippo, 2008). In an EGS project, some environmental impacts and risks, however,need to be considered and evaluatedin connection withthe following EGS phases and activities (Huenges, 2010; Majer et al., 2007; DiPippo, 2008; Stephens & Jius‐ to, 2010):PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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