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ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 319 Sequestration http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52063 1. Drilling operations: Drilling operations have a large impact on the surrounding envi‐ ronment and are associated withvarious risks. They are normally limited to the period of drilling operations (i.e., last only a couple of weeks or months). Environmental effects related to drilling operations may include: noise emissions, subsurface emissions, site preparations and alterations, airborne emissions, water usage (usually taken from near‐ by surface or groundwater bodies), waste disposal, and visual impact (due to night- time lighting, etc., from drilling rig). 2. Reservoir stimulation: Enhancing a geothermal reservoir for power generation includes injection of stimulation fluids under high pressure which could produce geo-mechani‐ cal changes in the subsurface (rocks may slip along pre-existing fractures. Depending on the surrounding rock formations and their magnitude, geo-mechanical alterations can be followed by build-up and dispersion of microseismic activities up to the surface. Induced seismicity, which can result from stimulation, helps to identify the extent of the fracture network in the reservoir. Despite the fact that geo-mechanical changes can lead to damage of buildings and even be hazardous for human beings and animals, the earth tremors caused by EGS reported so far can be categorized a sensible but not as adverse impacts on the environment.In almost all cases, these events in the deep reservoir are of such low magnitude that they are not felt at the surface. However, based on the present state of knowledge, larger impacts cannot be totally excluded since the knowledge about the stress situation and the development of larger microseismic events in the sub‐ surface is still insufficient. 3. Reservoir exploitation: The exploitation of an EGS reservoir can lead to different altera‐ tions in the reservoir and the surrounding subsurface. Impacts on the local subsurface environment such as hydraulic and thermal alterations as well as circulation losses need to be considered for sustainable reservoir management, but are not considered as adverse environmental impacts. 4. Installation and operation of surface facilities: The installation of the subsurface part of an EGS power plant, such as a binary ORC power unit is related to general environ‐ mental impacts which come with construction work such as noise emissions and dust creation. 5. Dismantling of well infrastructure: In EGS plants, the decommissioning of the deep wells need be managed since abandoned wells are a potential source for material emissions to the subsurface. With proper closing and filling of the wells, this can be eradicated. For the development of EGS projects, different environmental regulations, standards, and permission procedures are binding depending on the country’s legislations. A widely used tool in this context is the environmental impact assessment (EIA); first established in USA in the 1970s and used today in many countries to ensure that all possible environmental im‐ pacts of planned EGS projects are identified and assessed before a decision is made for get‐ ting permission for an EGS project for power generation (Huenges, 2010). The most important steps of atypical EIA process are briefly outlined in Figure 4.PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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