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ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2-Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 321 Sequestration http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/52063 estimation of the costs and revenues, which are related to a project. Since EGS projects are characterized by a long planning period, large initial investments and a long technical life‐ time, estimating prospective costs and revenues involves uncertainties and risks (Huenges, 2010). This is true because no reliable statements on markets development, detailed geologic site conditions, or technological problems can be made at the start of a project. In order to minimize existing risks, cost influences must be known and risks must be analyzed. The to‐ tal costs of an ORC-based EGS project are dominated by the investments at the start of the project (Huenges, 2010; Stephens & Jiusto, 2010; DiPippo, 2008). These investments mainly consist of costs for the subsurface components, including: (1) reservoir exploration, (2) well drilling and completion - the most significant cost factor in all geothermal operations is asso‐ ciated with drilling and well completion (Grasby et al., 2011), (3) reservoir engineering measures, (4) installation of the geothermal fluid loop, and (5) construction of the ORC- based power unit.Typical EGS drilling costs as a function of well depth are shown in Table 4. As mentioned before, drilling costs estimated to account for a third to a half of EGS pro‐ jected costs; a major challenge to the EGS technology (Stephens & Jiusto, 2010). As shown in Table 4, EGS well costs are not a linear function of depth, but additionally reflect, tempera‐ ture, extent of casing employed, difficulty in drilling, and lithologic characteristics(Grasby et al., 2011). In addition, surface related costs, such as operation & maintenance O& M costs (i.e., annual operating costs for personnel, material consumption, overhaul and mainte‐ nance) are considered. The operating and maintenance cost of an EGS power plant has two important components: (a) the O& M for the ORC power plant and (b) the well field mainte‐ nance cost. The ORC power plant O& M costs were estimated based on experience in similar power plant configurations and ORC installations. This is usually a percentage of the instal‐ led cost of the power plant on a yearly basis (Kalra et al., 2012). It was reported (Grasby et al., 2011) that the techniques and technologies related to EGS projects are evolving rapidly so as its estimated costs and that EGS technology may not be commercially viable at this time. However, it was suggested (Grasby et al., 2011) that renewable resources such as EGS offer attractive power market contributions beyond power generation. Well Depth (km) 1.5 2.5 3.0 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.5 EGS Well Category Shallow well Mid range well Deep well Estimated EGS Drilling Cost ($ millions) 0.90 1.81 2.55 5.10 6.45 8.92 13.83 Table 4. Typical EGS drilling costs as a function of well depth (Azim et al., 2010).PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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