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322 New Developments in Renewable Energy 3.3. EGS using CO2 as the working fluid for green power generation and simultaneous carbon sequestration It was reported (Pruess, 2006) that previous attempts to develop EGS in Japan, USA, Europe and Australia have all employedwater as a heat transmission fluid. Although, water has many properties that make it a favorable medium for this purpose, it also has serious short‐ comings. An unfavorable property of water is that it is astrong solvent for many rock miner‐ als, especially at elevated temperatures. In this case, injecting water at high pressure intohot rock fractures, as part of an EGS resource operation & utilization, results in strong dissolu‐ tion and precipitation effects that change fracture permeabilityand make it very difficult to operate an EGS reservoir in a stable manner. In 2000, Brown, D. (Pruess, 2006) proposed a novel EGS concept that would utilize supercritical CO2 instead of water as heat exchange (carrier) fluid, and would simultaneously achieve CO2 geologic sequestration as an addition‐ al benefit. There are only very few investigations that characterized the performance of CO2 as working fluid in EGS applications. For example, Pruess (Pruess, 2006) performed numeri‐ cal simulations and evaluated thermophysical properties in order to explore the heat trans‐ fer and fluid dynamics characteristics in an EGS reservoir that would be operated with CO2. It was found that CO2 is superior to water in its ability to exchange heat from hot fractured rock. Carbon dioxide also offers certain advantages with respect to wellbore hydraulics, in that its larger compressibility and expansivity as compared to water would increase buoyan‐ cy forces and would decrease the parasitic power consumption (thus reduce pumping cost) of the EGS fluid circulation system. This is because the larger expansivity of CO2 would gen‐ erate large density differences between the cold CO2 in the injection well and the hot CO2 in the production well, and therefore provide buoyancy force that would reduce the power consumption of the fluid circulation system. Another interesting feature of CO2 is that its lower viscosity, tend to yield larger flow velocities for a given pressure gradient. In addi‐ tion, CO2 would be much less effective as a solvent for rock minerals, which would reduce or eliminate scaling problems, such as silica dissolution and precipitation in water-based systems (Pruess, 2006). It was also reported (Pruess, 2006) that while the thermal and hy‐ draulic aspects of aCO2-based EGS system look promising, major uncertainties remain with regard to geochemical interactions betweenfluids and rocks. It was concluded in (Pruess, 2006) that an EGS system running on CO2 has sufficiently attractive features to warrant fur‐ therinvestigation. It was suggested that an EGS using CO2 as heat transport and exchange fluid could have favorable geochemical properties, as CO2 uptake and sequestration by rock minerals would be quite rapid. Supercritical CO2 can also be used as the working fluid of the power cycle before it is sent back to the EGS reservoir. For example, ina study by (Gurgenic et al., 2008), it was reported that there is a significant potential to use supercritical CO2 as working fluid in the power loop as illustrated (Gurgenic et al., 2008) in Figure 5. Significantly higher energy conversion efficiencies were predicted using a single-loop system with the CO2 being both the heat ex‐ change and the power cycle working fluid. It was reported (Gurgenic et al., 2008; Atrens et al., 2011) that the loops in either of the two cycles (i.e. subsurface loop and surface power loop) do not have to be closed. For example, if there is ready access to CO2 (e.g., at a geother‐PDF Image | ORC-Based Geothermal Power Generation and CO2- Based EGS for Combined Green Power Generation and CO2 Sequestration
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