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Kaplan. Table 1 Geothermal Power Plant Exergetic Efficiencies (in order of increasing efficiency) by R. DiPippo / Geothermics 33 (2004) 565-586 Science Direct, April 24, 2004 Technology Binary Binary Binary: recuperated Binary Binary Double - flash Binary: simple Single - flash Binary two phase Hybrid flash – binary Binary: dual – level Binary: flash evaporator Plant Name Specific exergy input (kJ kg) Brady 36.70 Brady 49.86 bottoming Exergetic efficiency (%) 16.3 17.9 18.7 21.6 23.1 26.0 27.8 35.6 40.8 42.0 43.0 53.9 Figure 8 Rotokawa Nigorikawa pilot Kalina Husavik Beowawe Rotokawa Blundell Pico- Vermelho Rotokawa Heber SIGC Otaka pilot 227.96 92.77 81.49 205.14 646.71 278.67 219.65 461.45 125.84 126.65 Figure 9 The gap between the steam and the preheating line of the organic fluid could be filled even more efficiently by a multi-stage (two or more) back pressure steam turbine, with extraction of steam between the stages, but the decision on the number of stages is based on the consideration of the trade-off in the process optimization between higher efficiency and the complication (and cost) of the system. A system based on the above cycle is now operating in the 20 MW Amatitlan geothermal project in Guatemala. (Figure 10). 5. HIGHER ENTHALPY TWO-PHASE GEOTHERMAL POWER PLANT When the resource enthalpy is higher, and as a result the proportion of steam in the total fluid increases, the “perfect match” between the heat source and the working fluid is not maintained. The “gap” between the heating fluid and the working fluid or the irreversibility of the process is relatively high. One way to increase the efficiency of the cycle and better utilize the available resource is the use of a back pressure steam turbine which generates extra power from excess steam not required for the vaporizer of the ORC. Part of the available steam is directed to a back pressure type steam turbine where it generates some extra power. The lower pressure steam exiting the turbine together with the available brine and condensate preheats the ORC working fluid prior to entering the vaporiser (Figure 8). The process flow diagram of the cycle is shown in Figure 9. Figure 10 6. GEOTHERMAL COMBINED CYCLE For high enthalpy fluids with very high steam content a solution is the geothermal combined cycle configuration where the steam flows through the back pressure turbine to the vaporizer, while the separated brine is used for preheating or in a separate ORC (Figure 11). o: marcom/papers/EGC/4547 4 April 16, 2007PDF Image | Organic Rankine Cycle Configurations
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