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Bu et al. Geothermal Energy 2013, 1:2 www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/1/1/2 which makes the system more compact and more powerful compared with the system cooled by air. The programmable logic controller, frequency converter and liquid level sensor are suggested to be adopted in the system to automatically control the liquid level of the working fluid in the generator and ensure high heat exchange efficiency in the generator. The temperature of waste heat from the hot spring and coolant usually varies along with the variation of ambient. To adapt the instability of heat source and coolant, the radial and axial flow expander is employed. To improve the drive effi- ciency, the compressor and the expander are directly coupled on the same shaft with- out gear and coupling. The same working fluid is used for both ORC and VCC to avoid the gas separation caused by leakage between them. The common refrigerants HCFC (R123) and HFCs (R134a and R245fa) are selected as the working fluids for the ORC/VCC system. However, with increased environmental awareness, these refrigerants are now being regulated. It is well known that the HCs are environmentally friendly, non-toxic, chemically stable and highly soluble in conven- tional mineral oil. The only real argument against the application of HCs is flammabi- lity. So, the HCs, such as butane (R600), isobutene (R600a) and propane (R290), are also selected as the working fluids for the ORC/VCC system for air conditioning. The properties of six selected working fluids are shown in Table 1. Page 4 of 14 Thermodynamic models To develop the thermodynamic models, the following assumptions are made: 1. Friction and heat losses in the ORC/VCC are negligible. 2. The power consumed by condensers for both ORC and VCC are negligible. For ORC: W exp 1⁄4 mpðh2−h3sÞηexp W 1⁄4m ðh1s−h4Þ pump;w p ηpump;w Qboi 1⁄4 mpðh2−h1Þ Wnet 1⁄4 W exp−Wpump;w Table 1 Properties of working fluids Substance R290 R600 R600a R123 R245fa R134a ODP ozone depletion potential, relative to R11, GWP global warming potential, relative to CO2. Molecular mass (g/mol) 44.10 58.13 58.13 152.93 134 102.03 Tcrit (°C) ð1Þ ð2Þ ð3Þ ð4Þ ODP GWP (100 years) 96.68 151.98 134.67 183.68 154.05 101.1 0 3 0 20 0 20 0.012 76 0 820 0 1,320PDF Image | Performance analysis and working fluid selection for geothermal energy-powered organic Rankine-vapor compression air conditioning
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