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Bu et al. Geothermal Energy 2013, 1:2 www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/1/1/2 Effect of working fluid types on ORC In Figures 2, 3, 4, and 5, the condensation temperature is 40°C. The temperature of hot water from hot springs varies according to the season and weather, leading to the temperature variation of hot water at the generator inlet. As a result, the generation temperature Tboi varies with the variation of Th. Figure 2 exhibits ηp for different working fluids as a function of Th. It is obvious from Figure 2 that for all working fluids, ηp depends largely on Th and it increases with the increase of Th. R290 has the maximum ηp compared with the five other working fluids for all heat source temperatures, followed by R134a, and R123 has the minimum ηp. Except R134a, ηp for HCs is higher than those for R123 and R245fa. ηp is 6.75%, 6.57%, 5.92%, 5.75%, 5.62% and 5.53% for working fluids R290, R134a, R600a, R600, R245fa and R123, respectively, at Th = 85°C, signifying that ηp for R290 is 1.22 times higher than that for R123. Figure 3 illustrates the variation of WRm with Th. WRm is defined as the ratio of Wnet to mp, reflecting the power capability of the working fluid per unit mass flow rate. Observing the profiles from Figure 3 for all working fluids, WRm increases with the in- crease of Th. This is due to the fact that the difference between h2 and h3s increases with increasing Th, while h1s and h4 remain unchanged when the condensation tem- perature is invariable, thus leading to the increase of WRm according to Equation 7. WRm for R290 and R600 are almost the same and they are the maximum among the six working fluids. WRm for HCs is higher than those for R123, R245fa and R134a as shown in Figure 3. WRm for R123 and R600 is, respectively, 9.83 and 21.58 kW s/kg at Th = 85°C, the former being about 2.2 times as high as the latter. VFR as a function of Th is plotted and presented in Figure 4. VFR is defined as the specific volume variation across the expander in an isentropic process, which accounts for the effect of the compressibility through the expansion. As it is seen from Figure 4, with the increase of Th, VFR for all working fluids increases. R123 has the highest VFR, Page 6 of 14 8 7 6 5 4 3 70 75 80 85 90 95 Th (oC) R123 R134a R245fa R600a R600 R290 Figure 2 Effect of Th on ηp. p (%)PDF Image | Performance analysis and working fluid selection for geothermal energy-powered organic Rankine-vapor compression air conditioning
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