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Bu et al. Geothermal Energy 2013, 1:2 www.geothermal-energy-journal.com/content/1/1/2 Page 8 of 14 36 30 24 18 12 70 75 80 85 90 95 R123 R600a R134a R600 R245fa R290 Figure 5 Effect of Th on SP. Th (oC) proportional to the actual expander size (Lakew and Bolland 2010; Stijepovic et al. 2012). As shown in Figure 5, SP decreases with increasing Th for all working fluids, and this is attributed to the fact that higher Th leads to higher enthalpy drop between the expander inlet and outlet as well as higher ηp and thus less SP according to Equation 9. As it is seen from Figure 5, SP is lowest for R134a for all heat source temperatures compared with the five other working fluids and R290 is the second lowest. This is likely due to the fact that compared with the four other working fluids, R134a and R290 have higher pressure and thus higher density at the expander outlet, resulting in lower V3 and thus lower SP according to Equation 9. Based on the above discussion, it is thus clear that in terms of ηp and SP, R290 and R134a are more suitable working fluids for ORC for recovering low-grade waste heat. However, the system pressures for working fluids R290 and R134a are also high, reaching 2,116 and 1,682 kPa, respectively, at Tboi = 60°C, resulting in high system in- vestment. Except R290 and R134a, R600a is superior to R600, R123 and R245fa in terms of ηp and SP. Moreover, the system pressures for R600a is also not high, reaching 868.3 kPa at Tboi = 60°C. To sum up the above discussion, R600a is the most suitable among the six selected working fluids for ORC for recovering low-grade waste heat in the temperature range of 70°C to 95°C. Effect of working fluid types on VCC The condensation temperature varies with ambient. Table 2 shows the effects of Tc and working fluid types on COPc, PR and CRPR. In Table 2, Th equals 85°C. As shown in Table 2, COPc, PR and CRPR depend largely on Tc, COPc and CRPR decrease with Tc, and PR increases with Tc. This is due to the fact that when the pressure and tem- perature remain invariable at the compressor inlet, the increasing Tc leads to the in- crease of pressure and enthalpy at the compressor outlet and thus the increase of PR and the decrease of COPc as well as CRPR according to Equations 11 to 15. SP (mm)PDF Image | Performance analysis and working fluid selection for geothermal energy-powered organic Rankine-vapor compression air conditioning
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