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2744 Z. Shengjun et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 2740–2754 Table 1 Coefficients for heat exchanger cost evaluation. K1 K2 K3 C1 C2 3.2138 0.2688 0.07961 0.06499 0.05025 (i = 1,2), Ki, Ci (i = 1,2,3), Fm, CEPCI1996 and CEPCI2008 are coefficients required for cost evaluation of each equipment and the value are obtained in Ref. [46] and listed in Table 1. The capital recovery cost (CRF) is estimated based on the fol- lowing relation [47]: C3 B1 B2 Fm CEPCI1996 0.01474 1.8 1.5 1.25 382 4.1.1. Vapor generator CEPCI2008 575.4 ið1 þ iÞLTpl CRF 1⁄4ð1þiÞLTpl 1 The vapor generator is thus divided into 60 sections subjected to an identical enthalpy change for the working fluid. The refriger- ant flows inside the tubes and the water in the shell. The heat transfer coefficient is calculated on the refrigerant side employing the Petukhov-Kranoschekov correlation [48]: where i is the interest rate and set as 5%, and LTpl is the plant life- time and set as 20 years. Then, LEC is simplified by ignoring the field capital cost and the field O&M cost and can be determined from the Eq. (28) [44]: LEC 1⁄4 CRF CCpl þ COMpl ð28Þ AE AE is the annual net power output of the plant, kW; CCpl is the cap- ital cost of the plant, $; COMpl is the O&M cost of the plant, which is the 1.5% cost of the CCpl, $. The ORC system can take the advantage of reducing the con- sumption of fossil fuels and the emission of the greenhouse gas. If a geothermal power plant is used instead of a petroleum-fired power plant, the saved petroleum Mpe (kL/year) and reduced CO2 emission Mem (kg/year) per year can be simply estimated as [23]: Mpe 1⁄4 365t0apeðw_ t w_ rp w_ wp;h w_ wp;cÞ ð29Þ Mem 1⁄4 365t0aemðw_ t w_ rp w_ wp;h w_ wp;cÞ ð30Þ where t0 is operating time per day, ape is the amount of petroleum consumed to produce 1 kW h of electrical energy and aem is the amount of CO2 emission if 1 kW h of electrical energy is produced by a petroleum fire power plant. The values are assumed as follows: t0 = 24 h, ape = 0.266 L/(kW h), and aem = 0.894 kg/(kW h). 3. Choice of the working fluids According to the temperature-entropy diagrams, fluids show three different types of slope on their saturation vapor curves and can be categorized into three groups: (1) dry fluids have posi- tive slope, (2) wet fluids have negative slope, (3) isentropic fluids have nearly vertical saturated vapor curves. The wet fluids are gen- erally not adequate for subcritical ORC systems because they be- come saturated once they go through a large enthalpy drop after producing power in the turbine, and the condensate of the fluids imposes a threat of damage to the turbine. The dry and isentropic fluids can prevent the above disadvantage [10]. Table 2 lists some properties of the working fluids considered here. 4. Optimization of the ORC system 4.1. Calculation of the heat exchangers’ surface Numerical correlations are used to calculate the heat transfer coefficients in the condenser, evaporator and vapor generator sep- arately using distributed parameter model. The pressure drops in heat exchangers are set as the condition of convergence in the cal- culation of the heat transfer area and are designated as 10 kPa. Other assumptions and restrictions relative to the design of the heat exchangers are provided in Table 3. wl wl nRe Pr p;b ð27Þ lb kb 0:33 Nu1⁄4Nu0 l :11 k cp 0:35! c Nu01⁄4qffiffi8b 12:7 8n Pr23 1 þ1:07 ð31Þ n1⁄41 ð1:82log10Reb 1:64Þ2 The water side heat transfer coefficient in the heat exchanger hew is obtained: 0:14 h1⁄4jGCP23l ð32Þ w 0 w p;w r;w lw The pressure drop of the working fluid is estimated by Kang’s [49] correlation: dP 1⁄4 fG2r L=2qdi ð33Þ f 1⁄4 0:316Re0:25 for Re 6 2 104 f 1⁄4 0:184Re0:2 for Re > 2 104 4.1.2. Evaporator The evaporator is divided in 40 sections: 20 for the single-phase region and 20 for the two-phase region. For the single-phase region, Dittus-Boelte’s correlation is applied. For the two-phase region, Wang-Touber’s [50] correlation is used and the heat transfer coefficients are calculated as follows: 8 a 1⁄4PDF Image | Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation
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