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Z. Shengjun et al. / Applied Energy 88 (2011) 2740–2754 2753 Fig. 14. The LEC value of different working fluids under the optimized operation parameters. system could effectively reduce CO2 emission and save petroleum. If R125 was used, 22032L petroleum was saved and 74,019 kg CO2 was reduced per year, 19.82% larger than that of R152a in subcrit- ical ORC cycle. Among the fluids in transcritical power cycle, R143a was not acceptable because the heating pressure range was limited by the turbine outlet quality. R41 showed favorable performance except for its flammability. These comparisons indicated that R125 in the transcritical power cycle system was preferable since it offered lower LEC, reduced more CO2 emission and cut down more petroleum consumption. 6. Conclusions In the present study, the thermodynamic and economic perfor- mance of both subcritical ORC and transcritical power cycle sys- tems are examined for low-temperature geothermal power plant. Parameter optimizations of the ORC systems are performed on 16 different working fluids with five indicators. In addition, the performances of both systems are compared and analyzed under the same external working conditions. The main conclusions can be summarized as follows: (1) The choice of optimum working fluids will differ depending on the chosen performance indicator. Fluids favored by the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency are R123, R600, R245fa, R245ca and R600a. High recovery efficiency is obtained for R218, R125 and R41. Low APR value is pre- sented for R152a, R134a, R600 and R143a. Low LEC value is observed for R152a, R600, R600a, R134a, R143a, R125 as well as R41. (2) The optimum operation parameters are not the same for dif- ferent indicators. So a simple first law or second law analysis is not sufficient to ensure a cost-effective cycle design. The minimum system cost should be the determining factor. And a high recovery efficiency from the heat carrier fluid is also favored. Therefore, the procedure described in this paper is thus necessary to obtain a comprehension perfor- mance of fluids for parameter optimization. (3) The transcritical power cycle with R125 as the working fluid was a cost effective approach for the low-temperature geo- thermal ORC system. Although the thermal efficiency and exergy efficiency of R125 in transcritical cycle is 45% and 15.7% lower than that of R123 in subcritical ORC, it provides 20.7% larger recovery efficiency and yields a relatively low cost. It also takes the advantage of reducing more CO2 emis- sion and cutting down more petroleum consumption. The corresponding operation conditions and cycle design are provided for application. But the high operation pressure is a drawback. R41 shows favorable performance except for its flammability. Acknowledgements This work was sponsored by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (Grant No. 50976079). References [1] Hettiarachchi HDM, Golubovic M, Worek WM, et al. Optimum design criteria for an Organic Rankine Cycle using low- and medium-temperature geothermal heat sources. Energy 2007;32:1698–706. [2] Tamamoto T, Furuhata T, Arai N, Mori K. Design and testing of the organic Rankine cycle. Energy 2001;26:239–51. [3] Nafey AS, Sharaf MA. Combined solar Organic Rankine Cycle with reverse osmosis desalination process: energy, exergy, and cost evaluations. Renew Energy 2010. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.03.03. [4] Heberle F, Brüggemann D. Exergy based fluid selection for a geothermal Organic Rankine Cycle for combined heat and power generation. Appl Therm Eng 2010;30:1326–32. [5] Dai YP, Wang JF, Gao L. Parametric optimization and comparative study of Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) for low grade waste heat recovery. Energy Convers Manage 2009;50:576–82. [6] Aleksandra BG, Władysław N. Maximising the working fluid flow as a way of increasing power output of geothermal power plant. Appl Therm Eng 2007;27:2074–8. [7] Gu W, Weng Y, Wang Y, Zheng B. Theoretical and experimental investigation of an Organic Rankine Cycle for a waste heat recovery system. Proc Inst Mech Eng, Part A: J Power Energy 2009;223(5):523–33. [8] Mago PJ, Chamra LM, Somayaji C. Performance analysis of different working fluids for use in organic Rankin cylces. Proc Inst Mech Eng 2007;221:255–354. [9] Hung TC, Wang SK, Kuo CH, Pei BS, Tsai KF. A study of organic working fluids on system efficiency of an ORC using low-grade energy sources. Energy 2010;35:1403–11. [10] Chen H et al. A review of thermodynamic cycles and working fluids for the conversion of low-grade heat. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 2010. doi:10.1016/ j.rser.2010.07.00. [11] Rayegan R, Tao YX. A procedure to select working fluids for Solar Organic Rankine Cycles (ORCs). Renew Energy 2010. doi:10.1016/j.renene.2010.07.01. [12] Li J, Pei G, Ji J. Optimization of low temperature solar thermal electric generation with Organic Rankine Cycle in different areas. Appl Energy 2010;87:3355–65. [13] Maizza V, Maizza A. Working fluids in non-steady flows for waste energy recovery systems. Appl Therm Eng 1996;16:579–90. [14] Maizza V, Maizza A. Unconventional working fluids in organic Rankine-cycles for waste energy recovery systems. Appl Therm Eng 2001;21:381–90. [15] Angelino G, Colonna di P, Paliano. Multicomponent working fluids for organic Rankine cycles (ORCs). Energy 1998;23:449–63. .PDF Image | Performance comparison and parametric optimization of subcritical Organic Rankine Cycle (ORC) and transcritical power cycle system for low-temperature geothermal power generation
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