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Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in an Automobile: An Investigation supermarkets (floor area ranging from 720 to 2700m2). Minea [68,69] reported a supermarket refrigeration system with SLs installed near Montreal, Canada. Faramarzi and Walker [70] installed and tested the performance of the SL refrigeration system in U.S. supermarkets. Nyvad and Lund [71, 72] reported that a supermarket in Denmark replaced its existing (H) CFC- plant with a new indirect SL system. Rolfsman [73] also reported that a supermarket in Sweden had been converted to a SL system. NH3 was used as the primary refrigerant and CO2 was used as the secondary refrigerant for freezing. Thomas [74] cited the supermarket in the United Kingdom that installed a SL refrigeration system. In this system, NH3 was used as the primary refrigerant and propylene glycol as the secondary refrigerant. installed in Demark. Ballot-Miguet et al. [85] tested and compared the energy efficiency of the R22 DX system, single-phase secondary refrigerant system, SL system using ice slurry and two-phase CO2 as the secondary refrigerant. Fukusako et al. [86] reviewed studies related to the cold thermal storage systems and components using ice slurry and recent research activities on ice slurry in Japan. Saito [87] reviewed the recent research on cold thermal energy storage including the SL ice slurry system. Choi et al. [88] evaluated the performance of R22, R290, R290/600a (70/30%), and R32/152a (50/50%) used in a water-to water residential heat pump for space cooling and heating. Chang et al. [89] reported the performance and heat transfer characteristics of a heat pump system filled with HC refrigerant (R290, R600a, R1270 and binary mixture of R290/R600a and 13 R290/R600). The secondary fluid was ethyl alcohol. Pelletier and Palm [90] tested a domestic heat pump using R290 as compared to the R22 baseline system. For R290, the heating capacity was 7–10% lower, while the heating COP was 4–5% higher than R22. Payne et al. [91] investigated and compared the performance of R22, R290 and zeotropic mixtures of R32/R290 and Rivers [75] reported for a SL refrigeration system designed for a supermarket in Greenwich, England. The HC was chosen as the primary refrigerant. Baxter [76] reported a case study for a small Danish supermarket where the old refrigeration plant has been replaced with a cascade plant. Pearson [77] submitted patents on the use of CO2 as a volatile secondary refrigerant, including a novel hot gas defrost system. Pearson [46] used CO2 as a volatile secondary R32/152a.TheSLfluidwas70/30%mixtureofwaterand refrigerant in supermarket systems for the Swedish market. Christensen [78] investigated the SL system using CO2 as primary and secondary refrigerant in supermarket applications. Tests and measurements have been carried out and compared with the original cabinet. Pachai [45] reported a SL system installed in Helsingborg, Sweden. The primary refrigerant was HC, a mixture of R290/ R170, and the low- and intermediate- temperature side secondary refrigerants were CO2 and propylene glycol, respectively. Nilsson et al.[79] reported an ice rink refrigeration system with CO2 as the secondary fluid. Hinde et al. [43] reported that at least nine low-temperature CO2 systems were operational in the U.S. and Canada in early 2008. Kaga et al. [80] developed a compact variable capacity refrigerating system with an inverter compressor using R600a as the primary refrigerant and CO2 as the secondary refrigerant, which is circulated by ‘‘thermosiphon’’ effect. Wang and Goldstein [81] installed the district heating and cooling system with ice slurry generation system in Osaka, Japan. The total energy consumption was reduced by 19%. Wang et al.[82] installed a SL ice slurry system using ethylene glycol/water binary solution in the Ritz Carlton Plaza in Japan. Christensen and Kauffeld [83] described the application of ice slurry as the secondary refrigerant in a SL with ice slurry accumulation tank. ethylene glycol. Stene [92] investigated the performance of a residential brine-to-water CO2 heat pump for combined low-temperature space heating and hot water heating. Yanagisawa et al. [93] investigated a SL refrigeration system, using a vapour compression NH3 cycle as the primary loop and a CO2 thermo siphon loop almost all of currently manufactured air-conditioning systems for automobile and light duty truck vehicle use R134a as the refrigerant. Natural refrigerants, such as HCs, present a potential alternative option to R134a due to their good thermodynamic and transport properties, heat transfer characteristics, material compatibility, low cost, low toxicity and low GWP (Domanski and Yashar,[3]; Fernando et al.,[56]; Mani and Selladurai,[94];Palm, [1]). Ghodbane [10] investigated the potential of R152a and HC refrigerants as alternative refrigerants to R134a, and a comparative assessment of a SL when applied to MACs. Dentis et al. [95] compared the SL system with R152a and HC refrigerants and the R134a system in a test bench, and demonstrated that the performance of SL system was similar to, and in some cases exceeded the performance of the R134a system. Ghodbane [96] also compared the performance of SL system to conventional R134a system used in a small size passage car under the same test conditions. According to Srikhirin et al. [97] the absorption refrigeration system went through ups and downs, being the antecessor of the vapor compression refrigeration system in the 19th century. Systems operating on lithium bromide–water were commercialized in the 1940’s and Meewisse and Ferreira [38] compared two freezing point depressants, sodium chloride and ethanol. Soe et al. [84] studied two milk-cooling systems utilizing R290 as the primary refrigerant that were 1950’s as water chillers for large buildings air © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Researches in Engineering (A ) Volume XII Issue vvvvI Version I January 2012PDF Image | Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air
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