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14 conditioning (Costa[14]; Perez-Blanco [98]). Substitution of petroleum-based combustion fuels in the 1970’s affected the application of absorption refrigeration, but, at the same time, new opportunities arose, such as usage of solar energy to operate this system (Costa [14]; Zhai et al. [99,100]). Increasing energy costs and other factors has contributed to frequent use of low temperature energy waste from chemical and commercial (supermarket) industries to operate absorption refrigeration systems (Horuz and Callander [101]; Varani [102]; Maidment et al. [103]). Among the most applied working fluids are the pair ammonia refrigerant– water absorbent (NH3–H2O) and water refrigerant–lithium bromide absorbent (H2O– LiBr). A limitation of the pair water–lithium bromide is the difficulty to operate at temperatures lower than 0°C. Besides, lithium bromide crystallizes at moderate concentration, and, at high concentration, the solution is corrosive to some metals and is of high cost (Horuz [104]; Srikhirin et al. [97]). The system water–lithium bromide operates below atmospheric pressure, resulting in system air infiltration, which requires periodical purge. On the other hand, operation above atmospheric pressure is a considerable advantage. Though ammonia–water systems were previously applied to refrigeration and ice production, recent applications are predominantly on air conditioning, for which the pair water–lithium bromide can also be employed (Chuaa et al. [105]; Costa [14]; Lazarrin et al. [106]). Wu and Schulden [107] presented a modified Carnot cycle for a heat engine using high-temperature waste heat. The authors adopted the power per heat exchanger surface unit area for performance analysis of the heat engine. The relation between the maximum obtainable specific power and the temperature range in which the high-temperature waste heat engine operates was found. Koehler et al. [108] designed, built and tested a prototype of an absorption refrigeration system for truck refrigeration using heat from the exhaust gas. The refrigeration cycle was simulated by a computer model and validated by test data. Zhao et al. [109] studied two combined absorption/compression refrigeration cycles using ammonia and water as the working fluid. The combined cycle with one solution circuit was a conventional absorption chiller with a mechanical compressor, using both the work and heat output from an engine. The combined cycle with two solution circuits was a generalized version of the previous cycle, which condenser and evaporator were replaced by a second absorber and a second generator. The primary energy ratio, defined as the ratio of the design cooling capacity and the total energy input to the engine, increased considerably for the combined cycles compared to a conventional engine driven compression cycle working with pure ammonia. The authors concluded that the combined cycle with two solution circuits was the best option. Jiangzhou et al. [110] presented an adsorption air conditioning system used in internal combustion engine locomotive driver cabin. The system consists of an absorber and a cold storage evaporator driven by the engine exhaust gas waste heat, and employs zeolite– water as working pair. The mean refrigeration power obtained from the prototype system was 5 kW, and the chilled air temperature was 18°C. The authors described the system as simple in structure, reliable in operation, and convenient to control, meeting the demands for air conditioning of the locomotive driver cabin. Qin et al. [111] developed an exhaust gas- driven automotive air conditioning working on a new hydride pair. The results showed that cooling power and system coefficient of performance increase while the minimum refrigeration temperature decreases with growth of the heat source temperature. System heat transfer properties still needed to be improved for better performance. V. PROPOSED METHODOLOGY The proposed model is based on three fluid vapour absorption systems. It will contain basic components needed for vapour absorption system as shown in Fig. 3. • The three fluid used in this system will be ammonia, water and hydrogen. o The use of water is to absorb ammonia readily. o The use of hydrogen gas is to increase the rate of evaporation of the liquid ammonia passing through the system. • Even though ammonia is toxic, but due to absence of moving part, there will be little chance for the leakage. • The hot radiator water will be used to heat the ammonia solution in the generator. To remove water from ammonia vapor, a rectifier will be used before condenser. The ammonia vapor is condensed and flows under gravity to the evaporator, where, it meets the hydrogen gas.The hydrogen of gas, which is being feed to the evaporator, permits the liquid ammonia to evaporate at low pressure and temperature. • During the process of evaporation, the ammonia will absorb the latent heat from refrigerated space and produces cooling effect. The mixture of ammonia vapor and hydrogen will be passed to the absorber where ammonia will be absorbed while hydrogen raises the top and flows back to the evaporator. Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air Conditioning System in an Automobile: An Investigation © 2012 Global Journals Inc. (US) Global Journal of Researches in Engineering (A ) Volume XII Issue vvvvI Version I January 2012PDF Image | Recovery of Engine Waste Heat for Reutilization in Air
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