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. Angewandte Reviews Figure 1. Power requirements for different applications: In the future there will be a great demand for mobile/implantable electronics with extremely low power consumption. Z. L. Wang and W. Wu such as monitoring/tracking in a remote or hazardous environment. Despite the rapid progress witnessed recently in the development of batteries with a relatively high energy density,[16] the amount of energy available in these batteries is still finite and low, which severely limits the life expectancy of the systems being powered. Power management at both device and system levels has also been investigated in an effort to increase operation time for a given power supply; however, limitations, such as complexity in its implementa- tion and related costs, may hinder its broad application.[17] 2.2. Power Consumption and Mode of Operation of MNSs Micro-/nanodevices exhibit operational advantages, such as small electrical/thermal time constants, enhanced sensitiv- ity/responsivity, and high integrated complexity with respect to their conventional counterparts. In addition to the above merits, another key characteristic of micro-/nanodevices is the low operation power, with typical values in the range of microwatts to milliwatts. Typical power consumption in MNSs also includes contributions from other operations of the system, such as signal conditioning, information processing/ storage, and data communication. For most application purposes, digitization of the sensed signal is critical during front-end signal conditioning and for analog-to-digital con- verters (ADCs) with sub-microwatt to microwatt power consumption.[18] Logic processing and storage of the condi- tioned information are also indispensable for MNSs. Nano- materials based on logic operations with power consumption in the nanowatt to microwatt range have been demon- strated,[19] and nonvolatile memory devices with sub-micro- watt programming-power consumption have also been de- scribed.[20] Such memory devices are highly suitable for data storage in future wireless MNSs owing to their long-term data retention and low power consumption. Generally, the transmission/communication of data con- sumes the majority of the power in a wireless MNS. For example, modular products for low-power medical, industrial, and consumer applications, such as TI CC2560 from Texas Instruments and BCM4329 from Broadcom, operate at a rate of 3–5Mbps with power consumption in the milliwatt range.[21] Therefore, the long-term sustainable operation of MNSs requires either data-transmission modules with even lower power consumption or a new MNS operation scheme. Although the power consumption of MNSs could be small, as shown in Figure 1, it is an indispensable component of the entire energy spectrum. More importantly, for small elec- Zhong Lin Wang is Regents’ Professor at Georgia Tech and holds the Hightower Chair in Materials Science and Engineering. He has made innovative contributions to the discovery and understanding of oxide nano- belts and nanowires and to their application in energy sciences, electronics, optoelectron- ics, and biological science. His breakthroughs in the development of nanogenerators estab- lished the principles of harvesting mechan- ical energy from the environment and bio- logical systems to power personal electronics, and he has pioneered the fields of piezotron- ics and piezophototronics. Wenzhuo Wu received his BS in Electronic Information Science and Technology in 2005 from the University of Science and Technol- ogy of China, Hefei and his M Eng in Electrical and Computer Engineering from the National University of Singapore (NUS) in 2008. After working at Chartered Semi- conductor Manufacturing in Singapore from 2007 until 2008, he moved to the Georgia Institute of Technology to begin his doctoral research under the supervision of Prof. Zhong Lin Wang. His research interests include nanomaterial-based energy harvest- ing and self-powered micro-/nanosystems. &&&& www.angewandte.org 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2 – 24 These are not the final page numbers! Ü ÜPDF Image | Self-Powered Nanosystems
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