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Self-Powered Systems Chemie or synergistically. This HC for harvesting biomechanical and biochemical energy has similar disadvantages to previous HCs: the separate arrangement of the two components on the substrate without sophisticated integration leads to engineer- ing problems, such as cross-talk, and hence deteriorated overall performance. To solve this problem, a compact structure was developed by the integration of a ZnO-NW NG and a BFC on single carbon fiber.[134] The NG for harvesting mechanical energy is based on a textured ZnO- NW film and is grown radially on the carbon fiber, which serves as both the core electrode and the substrate for ZnO growth (Figure11b). The BFC for converting chemical energy from the ambient biofluid is fabricated at the other end of the same carbon fiber. Elimination of the separating membrane and mediator significantly reduced the size of the BFC relative to that of conventional BFCs. The integrated structure improves the performance as well as the adapt- ability of the HC for harvesting biomechanical and biochem- ical energy. 3.6.3. Hybrid Cells for the Harvesting of Solar and Thermal Energy During the PV conversion process in solar cells, a big proportion of the wasted energy is converted into heat, which leads to a temperature rise in the solar cells. Furthermore, incident photons with longer wavelengths, which cannot participate in PV conversion, may also be converted into heat. To improve the conversion efficiency and fully utilize the solar spectrum, Guo et al. designed an HC to harvest solar energy as well as the concurrently generated heat.[135] The two-compartment hybrid tandem cell consists of a DSSC and a thermoelectric cell (TC). Solar energy is first converted into electricity in the DSSC, and the heat induced during this process is then transmitted to the TC for subsequent TE conversion. This HC is more efficient than a single harvester and fully utilizes the energy from the solar spectrum. Recently, a novel photovoltaic–thermoelectric (PV–TE) hybrid device composed of a series-connected DSSC, a solar-selective absorber (SSA), and a TE generator was reported with a significantly enhanced efficiency of 13%.[136] Although the concept of hybrid energy harvesting and the proposed approaches described above are promising, several practical issues need to be addressed before real applications of these prototypes are possible. One of the biggest issues is network matching between different energy harvesters. The power output from different harvesters differs significantly. Strategic approaches for matching and reconciling the differ- ent outputs should therefore be implemented. On the other hand, solutions to the current problems might also impart increased cost as well as difficulties in manufacturing. Overall, it can be anticipated that the concept of hybrid energy Angewandte Figure 11. a) Operation principle of a microbial fuel cell (MFC; from Ref. [120b], Copyright 2011 Elsevier) and an enzymatic biofuel cell (BFC; from Ref. [118b], Copyright 2010 MDPI AG). b) A hybrid cell fabricated along a single carbon fiber. Part of the hybrid cell is the nanogenerator for mechanical-energy harvesting, and part is a biofuel cell for biochemical-energy conversion. The output corresponding to each part of the hybrid cell is shown below the structure (from Ref. [134]). CNT = carbon nanotube, GOx = glucose oxidase, OMC = ordered mesoporous carbon, PEM=proton-exchange membrane. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2012, 51, 2 – 24 2012 Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim www.angewandte.org &&&& These are not the final page numbers! Ü ÜPDF Image | Self-Powered Nanosystems
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