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. Angewandte Reviews environmental monitoring, defense technology, and even personal electronics. Addendum Triboelectric Nanogenerators Recently, a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG) has been fabricated by stacking two polymer sheets made of materials having distinctly different triboelectric characteristics with metal films deposited on the top and bottom of the assembled structure.[143] Once subjected to mechanical deformation, a friction between the two films, arising from the nanoscale surface roughness, generates equal amounts of charges of opposite signs at the two sides. Thus, a triboelectric potential layer is formed at the interface region if the generated triboelectric charges are separated by a small distance. The TENG gives an output voltage of up to 18 V at a current density of about 0.13 uA cm2,[144] but recently an output voltage of approximately 200 V was reported.[145] TENGs have the potential to harvest energy from human activities, rotating tires, ocean waves, mechanical vibration, and more. They have great potential applications in self-powered systems for personal electronics, environmental monitoring, medical science, and even for large-scale power. Pyroelectric Nanogenerator Harvesting thermoelectric energy mainly relies on the Seebeck effect, which utilizes a temperature difference between two ends of the device to drive the diffusion of charge carriers. However, in an environment in which the temperature is spatially uniform without a gradient, the pyroelectric effect can be used, which is based on the spontaneous polarization in certain anisotropic solids as a result of a time-dependent temperature variation. By using this effect, we demonstrated the first application of pyroelectric ZnO nanowire arrays for converting heat energy into electricity.[146] The coupling of the pyroelectric and semiconducting properties of ZnO creates a polarization electric field and charge separation along the ZnO nanowire as a result of the time-dependent change in temperature. Pyroelectirc nanogenerators can also be fabricated by using a nanowire composite material or a thin film.[147] Our research was supported by DARPA, the NSF, the BES DOE, the NIH, NASA, the US Airforce, MANA, NIMS (Japan), Samsung, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and the Georgia Institute of Technology. We thank my group members for their contributions (not in any particular order): Jinhui Song, Xudong Wang, Rusen Yang, Jun Zhou, Yong Qin, Sheng Xu, Yong Ding, Chen Xu, Yaguang Wei, Youfan Hu, Yan Zhang, Qing Yang, Caofeng Pan, Puxian Gao, Jin Liu, Jr-Hau He, Ming-Pei Lu, Jung-il Hong, Yifan Gao, Weihua Liu, Yifeng Lin, Minbaek Lee, Peng Fei, Ying Liu, Chi-Te Huang, Tei-Yu Wei, Ben Hansen, Guang Zhu, Ya Yang, Ying Liu, Sihong Wang, Yusheng Zhou, Xiaonan Wen, Long Lin, Z. L. Wang and W. Wu Simiao Niu, Xinyu Xue, Lin Dong, and others; and my collaborators: Charles M. Lieber, L.-J. Chen, S. Y. Lu, L. J. Chou, R. L. Snyder, R. Dupuis, J. F. Wu, Gang Bao, Liming Dai, Jing Zhu, Yue Zhang, Aifang Yu, Peng Jiang, M. Willander, C. Falconi. Received: March 1, 2012 Published online: && &&, &&&& [1] Special Issue on Sustainability and Energy, Science 2007, 315, 721 – 896. [2] N. S. Lewis, Science 2007, 315, 798 – 801. [3] W. E. 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Peygham- barian, Sensors, and Command, Control, Communications, and Intelligence (C3i) Technologies for Homeland Security and Homeland Defense IX, 2010, 7666. [13] a) Y. Hao, R. Foster, Physiol. Meas. 2008, 29, R27 – R56 ; b) Y. F. Hu, Y. Zhang, C. Xu, L. Lin, R. L. Snyder, Z. L. Wang, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2572 – 2577. [14] a)W.Z. Wu, Z.L. Wang, Nano Lett. 2011, 11, 2779–2785; b) W. Z. Wu, Y. G. Wei, Z. L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2010, 22, 4711 – 4715 ; c) B. Z. Tian, X. L. Zheng, T. J. Kempa, Y. Fang, N. F. Yu, G. H. Yu, J. L. Huang, C. M. Lieber, Nature 2007, 449, 885 – 889. [15] Z. L. Wang, Adv. Mater. 2012, 24, 4632 – 4646. [16] a) M. Armand, F. Endres, D. R. MacFarlane, H. Ohno, B. Scrosati, Nat. Mater. 2009, 8, 621 – 629 ; b) J. R. Miller, P. Simon, Science 2008, 321, 651 – 652. [17] H. Shao, C. Y. Tsui, W. H. Ki, IEEE Trans. VLSI Syst. 2009, 17, 1138 – 1142. [18] J. H. Eo, S. H. Kim, Y. C. Jang, IEICE Trans. Electron. 2011, E94c, 1798 – 1801. [19] Y. Huang, X. F. Duan, Y. Cui, L. J. 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