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A second barrier to expansion of the solar industry is the lack of private-sector R&D investment. The immature industry does not yet generate profit margins large enough to allow for significant reinvestment. For example, one of the leading manufacturers of PV cells spent only 7.6% of its sales revenue on product development.12 Relative to other industries, such as the pharmaceuticals industry where companies spend an estimated 17% of sales on R&D, the solar industry relies on the Federal government and public-funded university programs for the bulk of R&D on new technologies and materials.13 Other non-technical barriers have stymied the growth of solar energy. Institutional barriers, including the lack of interconnection standards for distributed energy and net-metering provisions, are hindering market adoption. Furthermore, the air-quality and economic benefits of solar energy are not part of the complicated rate calculus of traditional electricity regulation. Overcoming these, in parallel with technology improvements, will be critical to significant market adoption. International Competition Finally, most American PV products are being shipped overseas into growing solar markets, often subsidized by national government support. Japan and Germany have created incentives and mandates to increase the use of solar technologies. In Germany, the “Feed-In” Law allows energy consumers to receive credit of 45.7 Euro cents per kWh ($0.50 per kWh) for solar-generated electricity. The law also mandates 1000 MW of new PV installations.14 Incentives have contributed to the growth of Germany’s PV industry, which in 2000 totaled 1.5 billion German Deutsche Marks (roughly $840 million).15 In Japan, the “Green Credit System” provides financial incentives to electricity producers who use renewable energy. In 1999, Japan passed the “Revised Energy Savings Law,” which specifically encourages the use of solar energy.16 During 2001, Japan’s “Residential Solar Rooftop Program” received applications for 114 MW of new solar installations that reached 29,389 households.17 Japanese companies such as Kaneka, Matsushita Battery, Sanyo, Sharp, and Showa Shell Sekiyu lead the world in terms of the highest capacity of operational manufacturing plants.18 With regard to concentrating solar power, there is a very active international community of both potential markets and potential suppliers. Spain’s market is the most definitive, with a solar premium of about 12 Euro cents/kWh on top of the market price of power. Other major international markets include South Africa, Italy, Australia, and Brazil. In addition, several developing countries (India, Egypt, Mexico, and Morocco) are looking at concentrating solar power technology (e.g., troughs or towers) with support from the Global Environment Fund. Key international competitors to U.S. suppliers are already eyeing potential project-development opportunities in the United States. Our continued participation in the IEA's concentrating solar power working group, SolarPACES, keeps us up to date on both international project opportunities and the capabilities of highly qualified and skilled competitors. In the solar water-heating area, the volume of production of foreign suppliers is much larger than that in the United States. International competitors are already supplying some U.S. markets; if those markets were to expand significantly, exports to the United States of highly competitive technology would expand rapidly to meet the demand. 12AstroPower Web Site, http://www.astropower.com/shareholder_services.htm, 2001 Annual Report 13In 2001, Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers (PhRMA) member companies spent more than $30 billion on research to develop new treatments for diseases (an estimated 17% of sales). This was a higher R&D-to-sales ratio than any other industry in the United States. Source: Pharmaceutical Research and Manufacturers of America Web site, http://www.phrma.org/issues/researchdev/ 14International Energy Agency PVPS as quoted in http://www.solarbuzz.com/StatsCountries.htm 15Solar Buzz, Fast Solar Energy Facts-Germany, http://www.solarbuzz.com/FastFactsGermany.htm 16Energy Information Administration, http://www.eia.doe.gov/emeu/cabs/japanenv.html#RENEWABLE, Japan Country Analysis 17Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Web Site, http://www.meti.go.jp/english/index.html 18Solar Buzz, Fast Solar Energy Facts-Japan, http://www.solarbuzz.com/FastFactsJapan.htm. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 13PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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