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In the long term, the role of solar energy in these markets will be determined largely by economic factors, such as the cost of energy from solar versus conventional sources. A levelized energy cost (LEC) calculation provides a means of calculating the cost of energy for solar energy systems, as well as for conventional-energy sources and equipment. Major factors to be considered are capital cost, operating and maintenance costs, and financing costs. Solar energy has other values that may not be recognized in the conventional marketplace: • Price stability relative to volatile markets for fuels such as natural gas • Reduced emissions • Local economic development • Eliminates need for transmission and distribution in many applications. Legislative and regulatory authorities may recognize these benefits through various policy mechanisms: • Renewable portfolio standards • Emissions credits • Production and investment tax credits for large systems • State and Federal tax credits for small systems • Other buy-downs or credits for installation of a solar system • Favorable mortgage interest rates for solar-equipped buildings. These incentives can help encourage early adoption of solar energy and bridge the gap between the levelized cost of solar energy systems and the lower-cost conventional alternatives. In the long term, solar prices will have to be competitive with conventional technologies without these incentives; therefore, long-term R&D goals should be set accordingly. Solar energy is already in use for a wide variety of applications and markets. Some markets are growing rapidly, some are stagnant, and others are yet to develop. In the following sections, these markets are identified and characterized. In addition, the market characteristics of major competing technologies are documented to assist in establishing development targets for solar- energy systems. Other aspects of solar systems that create value in the marketplace are also discussed. 2.3.1 Central Generation “Central generation” refers to plants that are connected to the utility grid at transmission voltages and are typically 20 MW or larger in size. Because of the land area required for large solar power plants, these systems will most often be located away from urban areas, and access to transmission facilities is important. Market Characteristics: Electric utilities may own their own power plants or may contract for power from independent power producers. In either case, utilities are concerned that power is a competitive value and is available when and where they need it. Utility power plants generally fall into three classes: • Baseload power plants, which operate nearly continuously • Intermediate-load power plants, which operate to supply daily periods of increased power demand • Peak-load plants, which only operate for limited hours as needed to meet peak power needs. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 15PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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