PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 027
Sources of thermal energy are varied, with natural-gas service common in most urban areas, fuel oil in parts of the Northeast, and propane in rural areas. All-electric buildings are also common. Demand for energy from conventional sources can be reduced through the use of building- integrated solar-energy systems. Because solar-electric systems can be connected to the utility, excess energy can be exported to the grid. Excess thermal energy produced by a building- integrated solar system is usually stored for later use. Benchmark Cost of Energy: In considering solar as an option for a building, builders and buyers will consider a number of factors, including economics, value, and aesthetics. Applicable solar technologies and some of the competing conventional sources are shown in Tables 2-3a and 2-3b. Solar-System Economics: For a grid-connected solar-electric system, the competing cost of energy is the retail electric rate. All of the energy produced by the system is used since excess power (not consumed by the building loads) is provided to the utility grid. If net metering is permitted (where the meter runs backwards when the building is producing more solar energy than it uses), then power is bought and sold at the portion of the full retail rate that is billed as a function of kWh consumed. Without net metering, the building owner may receive a much lower “avoided cost” rate for the electricity produced and pay full retail for the electricity used. These rates may vary during the day, if time-of-day metering is applied. The calculation of energy collected by a water-heating system is more complex, because the amount of energy used is a function of the load profile. For example, when demand exceeds the rate of collection of thermal energy by a solar water heater, all of the collected energy is used. When demand is lower than the collection rate, storage is charged. When storage is fully charged, for example, when a homeowner goes on vacation, no hot water is used and no conventional energy is displaced. The levelized cost of the offset energy is also more complex, because the cost and energy-conversion efficiency of the conventional source, such as a solar water heater, must be considered. Maintenance costs, scheduled or unscheduled, can have a major effect on system economics. Large systems generate enough energy to support significant maintenance. But for residential- scale PV and solar water heating systems, the value of energy is insufficient to support significant maintenance. For example, if $0.01/kWh were budgeted for maintenance in a 1-kW PV system, only about $20/year would be available for service calls. Thus, high reliability is important to good economic value in residential solar systems. For hybrid lighting systems, the LEC of the system includes the elements identified for other solar systems above, including the incremental cost of hybrid luminaries and controls. The LEC of the conventional alternative would include energy costs and the cost of labor and parts for more frequent replacement of lightbulbs required to obtain the equivalent level of illumination. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 18PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
PDF Search Title:
Solar Energy Technologies ProgramOriginal File Name Searched:
33875.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |