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Improving Value: In addition to economics of the solar-system cost versus conventional energy, builders and buyers may consider other values associated with solar-energy systems, which become a part of the design and marketing of the system. These values may include the following: • Capability for autonomous operation in the event of loss of conventional-energy sources • Environmental benefits associated with clean energy • Making solar an attractive architectural design element • Selecting solar products that both provide energy and replace conventional building materials, such as roofing materials • Quality of lighting. Daylighting is higher-quality light than light from artificial sources and is valued for improving attractiveness of building interiors while increasing productivity of building occupants and leading to higher retail-store sales • Taking advantage of available solar incentives. Improving Aesthetics: When large-scale deployment of solar energy systems occurred during the late 1970s and early 1980s, solar systems were mounted at a steeper angle than the roof pitch to maximize energy collection. As a result, many of these systems were unattractive, and when a building needed to be reroofed, many operational systems were removed. Today, solar systems are more likely to be mounted flush with the roof surface. Some solar thermal systems are mounted directly on the roof deck and are indistinguishable from skylights. PV products that are integral to, or even replace, conventional roofing materials are commercially available today. Some swimming pool solar-collector manufacturers offer terra cotta-colored products (as opposed to the typical black collector color), and some PV manufacturers are working on alternative module colors to enhance their architectural appearance. And, as described above, some solar collectors have been used as attractive and energy-producing building facades. 2.3.2.2 Ground-Mounted Distributed-Energy Systems Distributed energy generally includes energy systems that are smaller scale than transmission- connected central-generation systems. In addition to the building-integrated applications already discussed and off-grid applications to be discussed in the following sections, there are other systems that are connected to the conventional energy-distribution systems and are ground- mounted. Therefore, they do not fit in the off-grid or building-integrated classifications. These systems include the following: • Ground-mounted, customer-sited solar systems to provide energy for various purposes, including electricity, district heating and cooling, and industrial process heat. • Ground-mounted, utility-owned solar-electric systems located within the distribution system. Benchmark Cost of Energy: Customer-sited solar systems are similar to building-integrated systems in that they are designed to serve local loads. Thus, the benchmark cost of energy is the retail cost of energy. Utility-owned systems are similar to central-station systems, but are sited within the distribution system and provide energy at a point between wholesale energy connected to the transmission system and retail energy at the customer’s meter. The avoided cost of energy for the utility may include savings on transmission and distribution of energy to the point of interconnection, relative to the wholesale cost of energy. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 20PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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