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Environmental considerations can also lead to the choice of solar for off-grid applications. Large, off-grid facilities typically use diesel engines as a power source. However, the noise associated with engine generators is undesirable in remote areas, and a fuel spill in a remote, pristine site can be very expensive to clean up. When solar is used to provide facility power in conjunction with battery energy storage and a backup engine generator, engine operation is infrequent. So propane may be used as a backup fuel, rather than diesel, which is the cheaper but more environmentally hazardous fuel. Other value considerations driving the selection of an off-grid system include the following: 2.4 • • • • • Conventional energy sources are unavailable Cost of a delivery system for conventional energy is high Maintenance cost for conventional energy-delivery systems is high Portability is an essential feature Accessory power is needed for transportation applications. Solar-Systems Descriptions and Requirements The following section will briefly introduce and describe the solar systems that are used in the above markets. More-detailed material will follow in the section of this report describing the Solar Program Multi-Year Technical Plan. 2.4.1 Photovoltaics Photovoltaic systems convert light energy into electricity using semiconductor devices most commonly known as "solar cells." PV systems are composed of groups of cells wired in series to produce higher voltages and wired in parallel to produce higher currents. Their modular nature means they can be used for applications ranging from a fraction of a watt, like a handheld solar calculator, to large-scale multi-megawatt power plants containing millions of solar cells. Lighted bus shelter Grid-tied residence Figure 2-3. Examples of everyday uses of photovoltaic systems Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 23PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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