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Point-Focus Dishes Similar to some concentrating photovoltaic systems, solar-dish/engine systems use parabolic mirrors to concentrate the sunlight. In the most common approach, the concentrated sunlight is absorbed by a solar receiver to directly or indirectly heat the hydrogen or helium working fluid of a Stirling-engine generator. Grid-interactive dish/engine systems have been demonstrated in small numbers at the 10-25-kW scale. These modular systems can be installed in large groups to serve utility needs or fielded in smaller numbers for distributed-energy applications. Limited operation as dispatchable, hybrid systems has also been demonstrated. In the hybrid configuration, when sunlight is not available, the solar receiver can be heated with natural gas to maintain system output. An off-grid system, dedicated to water pumping, has also been demonstrated. Figure 2-7. Dish concentrator The high-concentration capability of dishes also offers the potential to drive thermochemical receivers to produce fuels and chemicals, such as hydrogen. Several institutions have conducted research in this area. 2.4.3 Solar Thermal Systems Solar thermal systems heat a working fluid for various thermal applications, such as domestic water heating, pool heating, space heating and cooling, and process heat. One-sun (non-concentrating) thermal collectors are made in a variety of ways for different applications. Low-cost, unglazed arrays of polymer tubing are used for low-temperature applications, especially swimming-pool heating. These systems are connected to the pool pump and filter. Pool heating is a strong, commercial market with 8 million sq. ft. of collectors being installed each year, equivalent to 300 MWt in rated capacity. One of the simplest types of solar water heaters is the passive or integral collector storage (ICS) type. These units are typically constructed of several large-diameter copper tubes, piped in series, in a glazed housing. The thermal energy collected by these systems is stored in the volume of water in the collector, and the collector is installed in series between the building cold- water supply and the conventional solar water heater. Many of these systems are mounted, by design, directly to the roof deck like a skylight, with the roofing material surrounding the collector. The collectors in active solar systems are typically constructed of copper tubes and absorbers in a glazed housing. The working fluid is pumped through the collector when the sun shines, and Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 27PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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