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4.1 Photovoltaic Systems Photovoltaics (PV) is the direct conversion of light into electricity using semiconductor materials. PV Subprogram research and development activities are divided into two main areas: flat-plate PV and concentrator PV. 4.1.1 Flat-Plate Photovoltaic Systems Flat-plate PV systems generally consist of a collector/converter called the array (which in turn consists of modules) and several other items, often grouped together and referred to as the balance of system (BOS) components. The modules are generally composed of a number of solar cells, appropriately connected to provide desired current and voltage. The BOS includes additional power conditioning, support structures, electrical connections, and storage (typically batteries, although they are not always required). A schematic showing components of a PV system and two typical configurations is presented in Figure 4.1.1-1. In this section, we look at R&D for technologies (technical pathways) that are candidates to make flat- plate PV systems capable of significant penetration into electrical energy markets. The status of current flat-plate PV systems and ongoing R&D are described. Goals and objectives are identified. Barriers to achieving goals will be detailed and tasks to overcome barriers presented, along with both achievement and decision milestones. Figure 4.1.1-1. This schematic shows the elements of a PV system and two applications, each with unique system requirements. The first application (lower left-hand corner) is off-grid and requires energy storage. The second application does not require storage because it is tied to the utility grid. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 43PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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