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researchers with a much greater understanding of root causes of failures in systems. And new codes, standards, and certification programs will bring assurance to the marketplace that a minimum quality standard has been applied throughout the design, installation, and servicing processes. Figure 4.1.1-3 shows relative price for labor and material components for a current typical PV system—in this case, residential. As the breakout shows, the module-price contribution is higher than 50%. For this reason, a key goal of the PV R&D effort has been to reduce the module manufacturing cost to less than $1.00 per watt. Furthermore, a primary activity of the PV Subprogram addresses module fabrication, performance, and reliability. However, a rigorous systems- analysis activity enables us to ensure that the PV systems are addressing the critical cost and performance targets set by the DOE Solar Program. Figure 4.1.1-3. Price breakout (by percentage) of an installed residential PV system. Current Activities Crystalline silicon (c-Si) and thin films (with multijunction approaches included) are the two major pathways to achieve PV goals using flat-plate modules. Each of these consists of multiple options (e.g., wafered silicon and sheet silicon of several types are all c-Si approaches). This multiple-path characteristic makes the PV technology robust and offers high potential for future advances in both improved performance and reduced cost. Crystalline silicon has a well-established technology base and the c-Si industry supplies nearly 90% of the PV market. It should continue to dominate the market for at least 5 more years. The technical progress will be evolutionary, but advances will be quickly integrated into the marketplace. This will help build the infrastructure required for continued rapid growth. Cell conversion efficiencies for current c-Si approaches vary from 12% to 17%. Module efficiencies tend to be 0.5% to 2% lower, based on total area. Other leading candidates for very low-cost PV are the following thin-film materials: (1) amorphous silicon (a-Si), cadmium telluride (CdTe), and copper indium diselenide (CIS), which are the most mature among all thin-film technologies; (2) thin-film silicon, which may encompass both crystalline Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 45PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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