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and/or amorphous silicon; and (3) high-performance multijunction combinations. The key metrics of thin-film progress are the same as those for any PV module technology: efficiency at the commercial- module level, manufacturing cost, and outdoor module reliability. Many challenges have to be overcome before all of these can be optimized. For thin films, the monolithic process blurs the distinction between cells and modules. However, commercial module efficiencies vary between 5% and 11%. The PV Subprogram consists of R&D efforts addressing a broad spectrum of issues from material and deposition improvements to manufacturing-process R&D and in-line process-diagnostics development. These efforts are divided into three areas: Fundamental Research, Advanced Materials and Devices, and Technology Development. These areas track the development stages for PV materials, components, and systems. Essentially, all of the activities in the Fundamental Research and Advanced Materials and Devices areas are directed toward module improvements leading to lower production costs. Similarly, the Technology Development area consists mainly of systems engineering and reliability and balance-of-system (BOS) development. Fundamental Research includes measurements and characterization, our basic research and university program, and high-performance advanced research. The measurements and characterization activities cut across all strata of the project from basic R&D to module and system performance to solar resource assessment and characterization. Therefore, throughout the discussion on the approach and tasks, we must remember an important part of any task is being able to measure and characterize both status and progress. Such activities are a constant thread though the development of basic components to the assembly of an efficient, reliable PV system. The basic research and university programs include basic studies by our university centers of excellence, DOE laboratories, and under subcontract to industry. The work is focused on: (1) electronic materials and devices, with emphasis on the study of defects and structure; and (2) material and device processing science, including the development of a new class of deposition, processing, and characterization tools that will allow us to integrate processes and diagnostics in a flexible fashion, providing the opportunity to study research problems that were previously difficult or even impossible to pursue. The high-performance advanced research addresses the development of higher-performance devices that can be attained by tandem or multijunction solar cells. Such structures lend themselves to higher efficiency through the utilization of both a broader portion of the solar spectrum and more efficient conversion of individual photons. Present efforts are directed toward choosing and improving materials and processes that can maximize performance and offer low-cost manufacturing potential. The Advanced Materials and Devices area includes the Thin Film PV Partnership, crystalline silicon/module reliability, and the PV Manufacturing R&D Project. The Thin-Film Partnership is primarily a subcontracted program addressing the development of solar cells and modules based on extremely thin layers of both active PV materials and certain layers of ancillary materials (e.g., contacts). Amorphous silicon, cadmium telluride, copper indium diselenide, and thin-film silicon are leading active-material candidates in the thin-film area and are being developed because of their high potential for low-cost photovoltaics. Each thin-film technology has formed a national team comprising the nation’s best research and engineering talent drawn from industry, universities, and the national laboratories. In addition, a crosscutting national team was started in 2002 to address thin-film-module packaging issues. Key research challenges being addressed in thin films include improving every aspect of active-layer manufacturing to reach low-cost production, improving commercial module efficiencies, and assuring intrinsic device and packaged-module reliability outdoors. The crystalline-silicon/module reliability area addresses performance, reliability, and testing. Outdoor durability testing and accelerated testing, as well as failure analysis, are performed on modules to determine areas for further R&D and improvement. Modeling is performed in support of the experimental procedures to facilitate problem understanding and to develop solutions to reliability issues. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 46PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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