PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 059
4.1.1.3 Key Technical Challenges The key technical challenges for flat-plate PV systems are to: • Reduce the cost of material used in the manufacture of modules through reduced material requirements and improved material usage. • Improve processes and in-line diagnostics to enable increased throughput and yield for module production. • Improve system reliability by improving related module and power-conditioning lifetimes. • Improve system conversion efficiencies through both higher-performance cells and reduced system losses. • Improve the quality of installed PV systems through system modeling that will identify both essential and high-impact R&D areas. • Support the development of codes, standards, and certification programs necessary for a mature and established infrastructure. Technical Targets As with the objectives above, the technical targets and the specific PV technology depend on timing and application. The systems-driven approach will be used to further analyze the market-driven differences in various applications. The following three tables (4.1.1-1 through 4.1.1-3), which present targets developed for flat-plate PV, demonstrate anticipated characteristics for the 2-MW utility-scale application, the 2- to 3-kW grid-connected residential application, and the 2 to 3-kW grid-connected application with storage. Table 4.1.1-1. Targets for Flat-Plate PV Systems in Large Utility-Scale Applications (2-MW example) System Element Units 2003 2007 2020 Design $/Wac 0.10 0.08 0.02 $/Wp,dc 3.60 2.50 $/Wp,dc 3.00 1.65 1.00–1.50 0.33–0.50 Module Price Direct cost/power Conversion efficiency Direct cost/area Inverter Price Other BOS $/Wac 0.40 0.25 0.15 Installation $/Wac 0.60 0.40 0.10 % 8 12 15 $/m2 240 200 $/Wac 0.60 0.40 0.25 % 94 96 97 Replacement Years 5 10 20 DC-AC conversion efficiency INSTALLED SYSTEM PRICE $/Wac 5.30 3.60 Lifetime Years 20 20 30 1.50–2.00 System Efficiency % 6 9 12 Degradation O&M cost LEVELIZED ENERGY COST Considerations: %/Yr 2–3 2–3 1 $/kWhac 0.03 0.02 0.005 $/kWhac 0.24 0.15 0.05–0.07 50–75 LEC is cost to utility to provide electricity with PV system. LEC is dependent on solar resource (2500 kWh/m2/yr used for lower case on 2003 numbers). O&M: inverter maintenance contract; 5-yr replacement; 15-yr replacement. Design: One-person month. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 50PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
PDF Search Title:
Solar Energy Technologies ProgramOriginal File Name Searched:
33875.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)