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Fundamental Research A. Crystalline cells—need improved understanding of chemistry and physics of material and devices, understanding defects and impurities and their impacts on cell efficiencies. B. Thin-film modules—need improved understanding of chemistry and physics of active absorber material as related to all aspects of the module-production process (from initial contact deposition on the support stratum through compatibility of different layer processes to encapsulation). Advanced Materials and Devices C. A key driver in module cost is based on low utilization efficiency and high cost of raw materials. This can be improved through reduction and recycling of waste materials and use of thinner cells (crystalline). D. Low or limited yields in the manufacturing processes for both crystalline and thin-film modules. E. Environmental impacts in the manufacturing processes, through generation of potentially hazardous waste substances. F. Need for better understanding of the properties of encapsulants and their effects on module cost, performance, and reliability. G. Need for improved processes related to in module fabrication—reduced cost, improved reliability, stability, and performance. H. Crystalline cells—limitations in effectiveness of cell-to-module processing of strings and tabs. I. Thin films—temperature sensitivity of inexpensive non-conducting continuous substrates for monolithic production J. Thin films—low deposition rates for all thin layers limit commercial production capacities. K. Limitations in cost and reliability of module packaging—in terms of frame components, module ruggedness in an outdoor environment, and overall short and long-term performance. Technology Development L. Need for improved modeling and analysis tools to provide in-depth trade-off studies of different combinations of all components within a PV system in different market sectors. M. LackofadequatebaselinedataforthecostandperformanceoffieldedPVsystemsand individual components. N. Need for improvements in design tools to provide clear, well-organized methodologies for PV systems to support sustainable-design practices. O. Need for continued monitoring of installed systems and benchmarking of new product integrations, to generate new data related to performance, reliability, O&M costs, and degradation or “aging” characteristics. P. Need for updating of established codes and standards that fully promote the safe and reliable use of PV systems and components. Q. Lack of standardized practices for certification of PV system designers, practitioners, and hardware. R. Lack of systems-engineering approach, including modern manufacturing quality control techniques, to product design and fabrication—resulting in frequent product replacements, redesigns, or retrofits. S. Lack of modularity and standardization in product design keeps volume low and production costs high. Although larger PV systems can use the same modules as smaller systems, in most cases, the same is not true of inverters. T. The root causes of failures in commercially available inverters are not well documented. U. Better designs are needed to integrate PV into buildings that address function, cost, aesthetics, and performance Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 53PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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