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High-Performance Multijunction Thin Films. Researchers are investigating the development of higher-performance devices that take advantage of tandem or multijunction solar cells. Polycrystalline thin-film tandem cells include combining high- and low-bandgap single junctions. High- bandgap alloys based on I-III-VI2 and II-VI compounds and other novel materials can be used for the top cell. Low-bandgap CIS and its alloys, thin silicon, and other novel approaches are being considered for the bottom cell. Integration of the thin-film tunnel junction (interconnect) with the top cell is a difficult task and is under study, including the role of defects, and how they affect the transport properties of this junction, as well as diffusion of impurities into the bulk. The device structure in terms of a monolithic integration or mechanical stack cannot be disregarded while exploring the top- and bottom-cell materials. With a monolithic configuration and/or possible alternative device structures and approaches, the processing limits of the top and bottom cells, as well as the tunnel junction, are extremely important. For example, the fabrication of a monolithic, two- terminal tandem cell based on polycrystalline thin-film materials is likely to require the use of low- temperature deposition processes for several of the layers. Thus, if a low-gap cell is fabricated after a superstrate-structure wide-gap cell such as CdZnTe, the bottom-cell fabrication will need to avoid causing deterioration of the top cell. Conversely, a wide-gap cell fabricated on top of a CIS bottom cell will need to avoid temperatures and processes that could damage the CIS. Research efforts will address these and related issues. Modules. PV modules must be optimized to push the performance beyond their present limitations. Consequently, R&D efforts are addressed not only by studying specific material areas (such as doping profile, morphology, short-range order, stoichiometry, process uniformity, and more), but also by general research areas such as module performance and reliability. These efforts are key to understanding and improving module performance. Higher yields, redesigning of junction boxes, frameless modules, back-skin material, integration of interconnect/lamination/fabrication processes, development of larger modules with larger cells, improved packing density, and automation assembly for reducing labor content also continue to be areas of investigation for decreasing final module-manufacturing costs. II. Technology Development Systems Modeling and Analysis. Systems modeling and analysis are needed to provide an understanding of the potential for PV in today’s market—and to design optimal system configurations to meet that potential and to guide R&D efforts to meets the needs of future markets. This will be done through rigorous assessment of the performance, reliability, installed costs, and LEC of a wide variety of flat-plate PV system configurations and applications. A key function of this modeling and analysis is to delineate the relative influences of various PV module and BOS options on the installed cost (e.g., dollars per peak watt, Wp) of the total system and on the LEC over the lifetime of the system. Such results provide feedback to the efforts to develop certain module and BOS technologies that will improve system performance, reliability, costs, and LEC. The improved models, developed in collaboration with industry, will be used to improve system-design methods and to provide accurate assessments and characterizations of the delivered PV electricity resources throughout the United States. Such results can be used to understand the optimum system configurations (e.g., fixed array, tracking array) for various solar energy climates and applications (e.g., utilities, residential, commercial buildings). The key elements/inputs of the system model are component performance and reliability, component installed costs, installation costs, and other costs such as finance. Balance-of-Systems Technology. BOS activities focus on research, development, testing, and evaluation of power-electronics hardware. This includes both the power electronics themselves and the interaction of power-electronics inverters with other similar devices. This research is aimed at developing new BOS technologies, improving reliability, lowering cost, removing implementation barriers, and developing a better understanding of existing technologies. In addition, BOS activities will improve system efficiency and reduce life-cycle cost by improving structures and installation Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 56PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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