PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 076
4.1.2 Concentrator Photovoltaic Systems 4.1.2.1 Technology System Status The fundamental distinction between concentrator and flat-plate photovoltaic technologies is the amount of sunlight incident on the solar cells within each system. It is common to refer to the standard solar irradiance at the Earth’s surface—1 kW/m2—as “one sun,” which is the amount of sunlight incident on flat-plate systems. Concentrator systems have more than one sun—as much as hundreds of suns—incident on the solar cell. The number of suns is also termed the concentration ratio. The system’s array (Figure 4.1.2-1) must point toward and follow the sun throughout the day to maintain the sun’s focus on the cell, and good heat-transfer design is needed to limit the cell’s temperature. Tracking the sun’s movement benefits the concentrator photovoltaic (CPV) system because it produces more than 30% additional energy, measured in kWh/kW, than a non-tracking flat-plate system. If the cost of the CPV system is low enough, an opportunity exists to produce low-cost electricity from sunlight using relatively high cost/area, high-efficiency solar cells. Concentrator photovoltaic systems need the highest-efficiency solar cells to improve their cost effectiveness for producing low-cost electricity. In a targeted research effort during the early 1980s, researchers in crystalline-silicon solar cells reduced—one by one—many of the loss mechanisms and increased solar-cell efficiencies from 18% to 20% and then to 22% in 1988. These higher efficiencies rekindled interest and efforts in CPV. The efficiency increases required numerous expensive processing techniques that were too costly for the solar cells to be used in large-area, flat-plate photovoltaic (PV) modules, but not too costly for CPV. Even today, the efficiencies of typical, screen-printed solar cells in flat-plate modules are 15%—far below today’s world record of 24% for a small-area crystalline silicon cell that can be used in a CPV system. Small-area, high-efficiency solar cells are ideal for CPV systems such as one using an optical element that focuses sunlight onto a small (e.g., 1-cm x 1-cm) solar cell, much like a magnifying glass that produces a spot of sunlight bright enough and hot enough to burn a piece of paper. Figure 4.1.2-1 is a schematic for a CPV system consisting of an array connected to an electric utility network. Array details, such as the lenses, solar cells, wiring, and heat spreaders are shown in Figure 4.1.2-2. 5 f f o o r r a a y y s s Figure 1. Schematic of a complete concentrator photovoltaic system. y t t e e m m r s 2 2 Figure 4.1.2-1. A CPV system connected as a distributed-generation source. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 0 0 - - M M W W y p p s c c o o n n d d i i t t i i o o n n i i n n g g P P Power-Conditioning Subsystem o o w w e e r r - - C C o o n n d d i i t t i i o o n n i i n n g g S S u u b b s s y t t e e m m 67 y s s ( r 17 MW r 1 1 3 3 7 7 M M W W a a 6 6 G / / y y r r f f t t e e w G h r p p o o w W W 36 GWh/yr l l o o s s s s e e s s ) ) (after power- conditioning losses) h 5 a 0 0 - - k k W a W a r r r r a ( - - e ePDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
PDF Search Title:
Solar Energy Technologies ProgramOriginal File Name Searched:
33875.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
| CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com | RSS | AMP |