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Figure 4.1.2-2. Schematic of a point-focus Fresnel lens concentrator. Efficiency increases didn’t stop with the new world records for crystalline silicon. As a result of R&D successes in the 1990s, the world’s highest-performance solar cells are now made principally from elements in columns III and V of the Periodic Table. These so-called “III-V” solar cells now have conversion efficiencies greater than 28% in production, with a world record of more than 36% under concentration. The efficiencies of III-V solar cells are about one-third higher than the efficiencies of the crystalline-silicon solar cells used in today’s commercial CPV systems. Over the years, systems analyses have invariably concluded that higher-efficiency solar cells improve the likelihood that CPV systems will be cost effective. Although the III-V cells are more expensive than silicon cells, their cost has been reduced by mass production installed to meet the space-satellite market and can be reduced further by developing lower-cost substrates or by further increasing the concentration ratio. The remainder of the concentrator-system cost results from materials that are much less expensive than the solar cell materials, such as steel and plastic. Recognizing that CPV systems are fabricated primarily of steel and plastic, a Japanese automaker in the late 1990s began to develop its own CPV technology because of strong similarities in the manufacture of cars and CPV systems. Although they decided CPV systems would be quite easy to manufacture, they did not continue CPV development because of market- entry uncertainties. Concentrator PV systems are not common in the world marketplace, with less than 1% of the PV systems sold in 2001 being concentrators. A CPV array is large, 100 m2 for 20 kW, so they are suitable for larger, distributed generation such as community energy parks, industrial or commercial facilities, and remote hybrid systems. On taller support structures, it is easy to imagine CPV competing in a recent market identified for large flat-plate PV systems installed over parking areas. The challenge today is to incorporate the development triumphs of the 1990s into CPV systems to produce cost-effective electricity for terrestrial market opportunities as they are identified. There are a variety of concepts for concentrating sunlight onto PV cells. The most common concentrating concepts are linear concentrators and point-focus concentrators. For each of these concepts, solar concentration can employ reflection or refraction (typically using Fresnel lens Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 68PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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