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funded by NASA. Besides the United States, the countries of Australia, Spain, United Kingdom, Italy, Germany, Japan, and Czechoslovakia have interest in CPV as demonstrated by their participation in developing international CPV standards. Program Coordination and Implementation: CPV companies in the United States participated in developing the U.S. PV industry roadmap, the primary means used by the PV Subprogram to coordinate and implement all PV activities with those of the companies. Unlike the flat-plate PV technologies, CPV systems don’t have easily identifiable high-value, niche markets that enable penetration into more difficult ones, such as the electric utility markets identified in the roadmap. CPV companies believe that this market conundrum will be more easily resolved with higher- efficiency solar cells and successful demonstration of recently deployed systems. One important coordination activity led by the PV Subprogram is the development of qualification standards by committees with representatives from CPV companies, research laboratories, and purchasers of CPV systems. This activity touches on most aspects of CPV technology development, including CPV system design, manufacturing, testing, and operation in different market applications. This activity acquired a higher priority for the companies in the late 1990s as they started answering questions from possible customers about safety, reliability, and certification of their product to a standard. Coordination with Related Programs: In the late 1990s, a joint meeting was held for the U.S. CPV companies and U.S. companies developing Stirling engines for dish concentrators funded under the DOE Solar Program. The DOE Solar Program has subsequently funded an innovative CPV concept—the cavity solar converter—under development for use in a dish concentrator. The Interagency Advanced Power Group serves as a means to coordinate with other U.S. agency programs, especially NASA, Air Force, and the Naval Research Laboratory efforts to develop higher-efficiency space solar cells. The International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) serves as the principal means to coordinate CPV standards activities in other countries as U.S. CPV companies explore international markets where international standards will be needed. NREL plans and leads the IEC CPV standards activities in its role as convenor of the IEC CPV standards working group. 4.1.2.2 Technology and Component Goals and Objectives Technology and Component Goals Goal. The Program goal is to develop viable concentrator photovoltaic technologies for application in a wide range of electrical markets, particularly for the distributed generation and larger bulk electric utility markets. The target electricity cost is 4 to 6 cents/kWh by 2020. There are three subordinate technology goals for CPV components. • Develop higher-efficiency III-V solar cells and improve their viability by reducing their cost. • Reduce the cost of all remaining components of the CPV system. • Ensure the reliability of concentrator PV components through the joint development with manufacturers and users of appropriate stress tests for temperature, humidity, voltage, safety, and other issues that might affect the installed longevity of CPV systems and components. Objectives. The 2003 baseline technology is a 1-MW plant with a Fresnel lens, point-focus concentrator using silicon solar cells: • Silicon solar-cell efficiency is 25% • Silicon solar-cell cost is $2/cm2 • Concentrator module cost is $160/m2 • Tracker component cost is $70/m2 Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 70PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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