PDF Publication Title:
Text from PDF Page: 082
not have an exact analog in flat-plate PV technologies. It encompasses the solar cell, heat- transfer elements, secondary optical elements, and electrodes within a concentrator PV module. Figure 4.1.2-1 is a sketch of a CPV system connected as a distributed-generation source. CPV Cells A. Today’s CPV systems use 25%-efficient crystalline-silicon solar cells because they are available at low cost and have shown excellent reliability. Higher efficiencies are needed. III-V solar cells have already demonstrated 35% efficiency under concentration and have a potential for efficiencies above 40%—the performance needed for a CPV system producing electricity at 4-6 cents/kWh. In surmounting this barrier, exploratory research may lead to breakthroughs because specialists in this area calculate theoretical efficiency limits above 80%, with practical efficiency limits above 60%. B. Today’s crystalline silicon CPV solar cells cost about $2/cm2. III-V solar cells presently cost $10/cm2 or more, and their cost needs to be reduced to about $1.50/cm2 in the long- term while maintaining their high performance. C. CPV cell standards is an area where solar-cell research has gotten ahead of validation since only recently have measurements and characterization experts begun to establish testing protocols, including appropriate solar spectra, for III-V solar cells under concentration. CPV Receivers D. Today’s CPV optical-receiver elements need to maintain high performance for decades, while costing as little as possible. Today’s CPV optical elements transmit about 80% of the light. Improved Fresnel lens design is needed to improve flux uniformity (a more critical issue for III-V cells than for crystalline silicon), transmission, and lifetime. E. CPV receivers often contain secondary optical elements, solar-cell voltage and current leads and electrical insulation, cell bypass diode protection, and heat-transfer elements to keep the CPV solar cells at reasonable operating temperatures. Receiver performance, lifetime, and cost become an integral part of CPV module performance, lifetime, and cost. F. Development of qualifications standards for CPV receivers and modules using III-V solar cells so they can have the same longevity as these early-generation CPV systems. CPV Modules G. Conduct design and manufacturing studies to identify lower-cost, lighter-weight CPV modules that will still survive extreme conditions such as extreme winds at a particular site. CPV module costs need to decrease from today’s values of $160/m2 to $80/m2. H. CPV trackers to track the sun accurately during the day to maximize energy capture, including the need to quickly “stow” the module to a horizontal position, in less than half a minute, in case of exposure to sudden wind gusts. I. Complete a qualification standard for CPV receivers and modules for the United States, as well as for international CPV markets. CPV Systems J. System modeling and analysis is needed to provide an understanding of the performance, reliability, manufacturing costs, installed costs, and LECs from a wide variety of CPV system configurations and applications. A key function of this modeling and analysis is to delineate the relative influences of various concentrator PV module and balance-of-system (BOS) technology options on the installed cost (e.g., $/Wp or kg/Wp using a mass surrogate) of the total system and on the levelized cost of electricity over the lifetime of the system. K. New systems integration will be designed and optimized based on present and other possible markets. In addition, design methodologies will be established that will facilitate the correct integration of components into system designs. L. Reliability, testing, and validation are needed to collect data from new technologies as they are developed, from existing components and from systems in laboratory and field tests, and fielded systems over time. The data collected will be fed back into the modeling and analysis activities to validate and improve existing tools, conduct trade-off studies by varying different real parameters, and assess overall system cost and lifetime issues. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 73PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
PDF Search Title:
Solar Energy Technologies ProgramOriginal File Name Searched:
33875.pdfDIY PDF Search: Google It | Yahoo | Bing
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
IT XR Project Redstone NFT Available for Sale: NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. Can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Turbine IT XR Project Redstone Design: NFT for sale... NFT for high tech turbine design with one part 3D printed counter-rotating energy turbine. Includes all rights to this turbine design, including license for Fluid Handling Block I and II for the turbine assembly and housing. The NFT includes the blueprints (cad/cam), revenue streams, and all future development of the IT XR Project Redstone... More Info
Infinity Turbine ROT Radial Outflow Turbine 24 Design and Worldwide Rights: NFT for sale... NFT for the ROT 24 energy turbine. Be part of the future with this NFT. This design can be bought and sold but only one design NFT exists. You may manufacture the unit, or get the revenues from its sale from Infinity Turbine. Royalties go to the developer (Infinity) to keep enhancing design and applications... More Info
Infinity Supercritical CO2 10 Liter Extractor Design and Worldwide Rights: The Infinity Supercritical 10L CO2 extractor is for botanical oil extraction, which is rich in terpenes and can produce shelf ready full spectrum oil. With over 5 years of development, this industry leader mature extractor machine has been sold since 2015 and is part of many profitable businesses. The process can also be used for electrowinning, e-waste recycling, and lithium battery recycling, gold mining electronic wastes, precious metals. CO2 can also be used in a reverse fuel cell with nafion to make a gas-to-liquids fuel, such as methanol, ethanol and butanol or ethylene. Supercritical CO2 has also been used for treating nafion to make it more effective catalyst. This NFT is for the purchase of worldwide rights which includes the design. More Info
NFT (Non Fungible Token): Buy our tech, design, development or system NFT and become part of our tech NFT network... More Info
Infinity Turbine Products: Special for this month, any plans are $10,000 for complete Cad/Cam blueprints. License is for one build. Try before you buy a production license. May pay by Bitcoin or other Crypto. Products Page... More Info
CONTACT TEL: 608-238-6001 Email: greg@infinityturbine.com (Standard Web Page)