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4.3 Solar Heating and Lighting Solar collectors can provide thermal energy for direct use in the form of hot water for domestic water heating, space heating, and process heat, as well as in the form of hot air for space heating and process heat. Higher-temperature collectors can drive absorption and desiccant air-conditioning systems and can provide low-temperature steam. Current program focus is on lowering the cost of solar water-heating systems, with future active solar R&D to also address building heating and cooling loads. Solar collectors used for hybrid solar lighting, on the other hand, track the sun and concentrate sunlight onto flexible optical fibers that “route” the sunlight inside the building to illuminate interiors. This is a relatively new concept, and research is focused on developing the system and understanding its potential benefits. Two distinct types of systems are used for solar water heating. Passive systems use supply water pressure to move water through the system whenever hot water is drawn; thermal energy storage is integral to the collector. An integral-collector-storage (ICS) system is shown in Figure 4.3-1. A second type of passive system is the thermosiphon. The collector in these systems is more like an active collector in that it has only a small inventory of water in it. The storage tank is placed above the collector and water circulates through the collector to the tank due to temperature differences as the sunlight warms the water. A limitation of passive systems is that the water in the system can freeze during extended periods of freezing weather. Thus, their application is limited to mild climates. Figure 4.3-1. Passive integral-collector-storage system for warm climates. Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 99PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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