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Active systems circulate a heat transfer fluid through the collector, transferring heat to storage (Figure 4.3-2). These systems require a pump and associated controller to circulate the fluid. In mild climates, tap water from the storage tank is circulated through the collector (direct-circulation system). In colder climates, a non- freezing mixture of water and propylene glycol is used in a closed heat-transfer loop, or water can be circulated in an unpressurized open loop and drained back at night to prevent freeze damage (drainback system). In addition to providing hot water, active systems can also be sized to provide space heat. To improve aesthetics, current solar water-heating systems are installed at the roof angle; this results in only minimally lower energy production. Some systems are designed to mount directly to the roof deck, with the roofing material applied around them, as with skylights. These systems do not need to be removed during reroofing, so out-year maintenance costs are reduced. Figure 4.3-2. Active glycol solar water-heating system. Hybrid solar lighting (HSL) uses parabolic collectors to focus a large amount of sunlight onto the ends of optical fibers. Sunlight is routed into buildings through a small roof penetration, where it is combined with electric light in “hybrid” light fixtures to illuminate building interiors. Daylight-harvesting control systems automatically adjust the level of fluorescent lighting using dimmable ballasts to maintain a constant illumination level, compensating for variations in the sky condition and sunlight levels. HSL specifically targets the largest consumer of electricity in commercial buildings (i.e., electric lighting, which consumes between 30% and 35% of the electricity in a typical school, retail store, or office building). Figure 4.3-3 shows an actual HSL system located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory’s (ORNL’s) National Transportation Research Center (NTRC). Solar Energy Technologies Program Multi-Year Technical Plan 100PDF Image | Solar Energy Technologies Program
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