Solar Fuel From The Sky

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Solar Fuel From The Sky ( solar-fuel-from-the-sky )

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line within a few years and make a meaningful contribution to the energy needs of the West. Solar energy is an abundant and underutilized energy source in the West. Solar conditions are optimal in the Desert Southwest and, given the geographic and climatic conditions, potentially the best in the world. In addition, these areas of premium, excellent, and good solar resources are located near major metropolitan areas. Solar generating capacity in the form of CSP can be brought on-line rapidly, subject to the ability to build the appropriate interconnection facilities and whatever electric transmission is required. Solar technologies, both photovoltaic (PV) and thermal, are not radically new technologies. Thermal CSP technologies, in the form of parabolic troughs, dish Stirling, and power towers, were demonstrated in California in the 1980s and 1990s. In the Mojave Desert, 354 MW of par- abolic trough thermal solar generating capacity has been operating for over a decade. Most of the public is familiar with PV cells, used on everything from emergency road signs to National Park Service outhouses. Issues associated with the intermittence of the sun, due both to cloud cover and the fact that the sun sets each night, can be addressed through the addition of heat storage or fossil fuel hybridization. Heat storage, expected in the form of molten salt, retains the heat from the day- time when the sun is shining and allows generation during hours when the sun is not shining. Both parabolic trough and power towers are capable of providing dispatchable electricity from heat storage. Fossil fuel hybridization allows a CSP solar power plant to also run on a fossil fuel, usually natural gas, when sunlight is not adequate. This ability to deliver power on demand great- ly increases the value of CSP to the owner of the plant. Premium solar power resources are by and large found in the desert areas of the Southwest. This means that lands that may not otherwise have an economic use are available for solar development. Solar technologies, unless configured with fossil fuel hybridization, produce zero emissions, which is a desirable attribute for permitting and siting. Solar radiation peaks during the summer as do the loads of the area’s utilities, although some offsets in timing by hour and month will need to be accommodated. The success of wind power developers in upgrading the technology to address environmental and design concerns holds much promise for the potential for solar power. CSP technologies, including parabolic trough, power towers, and dish Stirling, appear to be ready for commercial use. As with most other renewable forms of energy, CSP technologies will require incentives, such as buydowns, investment and production tax credits, and green energy premiums paid by utility customers, until sufficient cost reductions have been achieved to make CSP competitive against conventional generating technologies. The solar resource in the West is quite large. With the appropriate political will and an adequate transmission system, this resource could provide a significant portion of the West’s energy needs. 2

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