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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Exhibit 12: Household Appliances Certified with the Energy Star Significantly Reduce Residential Energy Consumption Appliance Existing U.S. Avg. (KWh/year) New Energy Star (KWh/year) Annual Energy Savings (%) Refrigerator 1,141 620 46% Clothes Washer 1,018 416 59% Dishwasher 611 555 9% Computer 262 115 56% Television 307 154 50% VCR 60 46 23% Rack Stereo System 87 67 23% SOURCE: End-Use Data and Market Trends, E SOURCE, 2001, and National Renewable Energy Laboratory, private communication. as refrigerators, washers, dryers, and televisions. Although the penetration of most appliances in U.S. households is very high (for example, over 90% of all households have a microwave) or sat- urated (every household has at least one refrigerator), population growth and a shift to smaller households will increase the overall number of appliances. This increase in the number of appli- ances can be expected to result in greater energy consumption. However, this does not neces- sarily have to be so, as the example, below, of refrigerators and freezers shows. Driven by federal standards, the efficiency of the U.S. stock of refrigerators and freezers is improving so dramatically that, despite population growth and a modest increase in penetration (more than one refrigerator or freezer per household), the Energy Information Administration proj- ects a reduction in refrigerator and freezer electricity consumption to 25% below 1998 levels by 2010 and 30% by 2020. Energy efficiency can make a contribution to meeting our energy needs. In Exhibit 12 we show the estimated average annual energy consumption of selected U.S. house- hold appliances and compare their consumption to energy use of products labeled with the Energy Star, denoting the products are designed for energy efficiency. Exhibit 12 shows that large energy efficiency gains are possible for nearly every common household appliance. Price-Responsive Demand As the Governors’ Energy Policy Roundtable on February 2, 2001, concluded, sending more timely and accurate price signals to consumers is key to realizing energy efficiency’s potential, managing peak load, encouraging distributed generation, and lowering the overall cost of electricity. Over the last two decades, energy and peak demand growth have grown approximately in pro- portion. In the late 1990s, however, peak demand growth accelerated over energy demand, which some believed was caused by changes in electricity usage. Evidence to support this theory is weak, and higher-than-normal temperatures in many regions of the country at the time appear to be the more likely reason why peak demand reached unprecedented levels. The most recent demand figures reflecting more moderate weather have confirmed our view that peak and energy demand still grow essentially in parallel. 24PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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