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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Geothermal Geothermal generation is another resource option for western energy supply. Unfortunately, geothermal resources are not as easily accessible as wind and solar, and questions about the resource potential remain. In the West, 3,276 MW of geothermal power plants operate, though new geothermal power plants are not currently being actively pursued. However, modern oil drilling techniques may soon be used to unlock more of the Earth’s heat for power generation. Searching for economic geothermal resources could be a worthwhile energy policy goal. Biomass Generation from biomass remains a possibility for a sustainable energy future, but in reality the generation potential from biomass is likely to be limited. Unless biomass is a waste product from farming or forestry, the growth of “energy crops” would require large resources of arable land and water. Finally, while biomass generation is “carbon-neutral,” it still causes emissions. For the above reasons, biomass will likely not play a large role for western energy. If the western states want to increase the percentage of renewable energy sources, wind and solar power and, where available, geothermal generation are the only real choices. According to our analysis, solar power’s resource potential is nearly three times that of wind. Further, as we show in this report, solar resources are located where electricity is consumed, while wind resources are much farther from metropolitan areas. The intermittence of these resources can be greatly overcome by a robust transmission system. And finally, the intermittence issue of solar generation can further be greatly mitigated using heat storage or fossil fuel hybridization, both of which are described in detail in the section “Using Supplemental Off-Sun Power.” Western states are therefore encouraged to take a look at solar energy as a significantly promising renewable energy technology. After this overview of western energy resource options, we will now look at emissions of existing power plants and the expected changes in emissions levels in our base case scenario. Air Emissions from Existing and New Power Plants Sixty-eight percent of western electricity needs are met with fossil fuel generation. In 2001, an estimated 44%, or 482,226 GWh of electricity were generated from coal, and 24%, or 259,604 GWh, were generated from natural gas or oil. Emissions from coal, natural gas, and oil-fired power plants are the main source of air pollutants from power plants in the West. Geothermal15 and biomass generation contribute the rest, but only account for a small amount. In Exhibit 14 we show the projected NOx and SO2 emissions from western power plants in 2001 and 2010. 29PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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