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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY In the base case forecast, the retirement of less efficient units, the penetration of more natural gas-fired power plants, and further implementations of air regulations show that western air will receive less pollution (with the exception of CO2) from power plants in 2010 than today. If renew- able energy sources, such as wind and solar, were given an opportunity to make a substantial contribution to western energy, skies could be even clearer. A Comparison of Emissions and Water Use Most generation technologies require large amounts of water for cooling and plant processes. The exceptions are wind, photovoltaics (PV), and dish Stirling power plants, which are the only generating technologies that can produce electricity while using practically no water. Biomass and fossil fuel combustion produce air emissions, while hydro, solar, wind, and nuclear genera- tions are emission free; geothermal generation releases small amounts of emissions. Supplying power puts great strain on our water resources and pollutes our air. The next two sections on air pollutants and water use compare the environmental impact of various power generation technologies on these resources. Air Pollutants Power generation from fossil fuels is one of the biggest sources of air pollution in the western states. In 2001, western power plants emitted an estimated 1,045,000 tons of NOx and 1,283,000 tons of SO2. These emissions can be associated with significant health problems, including respiratory and cardiopulmonary disease, cancer, and birth defects. In addition, they can be harmful to forests, water bodies, and fish, and can decrease visibility in scenic areas.16 In addition, generation from fossil fuels is the major source of CO2 emissions in the West. Nationwide, 40% of all CO2 emissions are estimated to originate from power plants; the percent- age for western states is similar. The Kyoto Protocol, to which the U.S. has decided not to become a party, would have required the U.S. to reduce CO2 (or equivalent pollutants) by 7% below 1990 levels by 2010. If the power generation sector were to meet this goal on its own, today’s CO2 emissions of 658 million tons would have to be reduced by 143 million tons, or 22%. In Exhibit 15 we show the air emissions of NOx, SO2, CO2, and particulates by generating tech- nology. This table makes it clear that coal-fired power plants, even when using the most efficient boilers and BACT, are still the biggest polluters. A gas-fired combined cycle plant, for example, emits less than one-half the amount of CO2 than a state-of-the-art coal plant does. This is because of the lower efficiency of the steam cycle of a coal plant in comparison to a combined cycle and the chemistry of the coal combustion process, which contains more carbon atoms per unit of heat. Gas boilers and combustion turbines are less efficient methods of producing elec- tricity from natural gas than combined cycle technology, as indicated by their higher heat rates. 31PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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