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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY gas-fired power plants and the forecast of natural gas prices in the 2.75-3.25 $/mmBtu range over the next few years, natural gas is the fuel of choice for the time being. Water Requirements With the exception of wind and PV solar power, all generating technologies are based on a ther- modynamic process, in which heat is converted into electricity. Immutable laws of physics dic- tate that the efficiency of this process depends on the difference between the temperature of the heat source, for example, the boiler or turbine, and the “exhaust” temperature of the process. Therefore, only thermal generating technologies, like solar dish Stirling, that operate at very high temperatures can reach high efficiencies even with simple air cooling. For all other thermal generating technologies, water cooling is required, unless alternative cooling techniques are used, which, however, decrease the efficiency of the plant. In Exhibit 16 we show the amount of cooling water required to produce one MWh of electricity. In addition to cooling water, power plants require process water that is used for steam cycles or the washing of solar mirrors. The amount is usually small compared to the cooling water requirements. Estimating cooling water use by power plants is difficult because the amount of water required is very location dependent. The amount of water needed for evaporative cooling in a cooling tower depends mainly on the average temperature and humidity at the plant’s site, and the quality of the water. Water quality determines how often the reservoir of cooling water needs to be dis- charged because it condenses into brine, which jeopardizes plant equipment as well as the envi- ronment. Therefore, not every drop of cooling water can be used for cooling. In Exhibit 15 we have considered the total cooling water requirements, and not just cooling water net of dis- charged water, for evaporative cooling in a cooling tower. Data in Exhibit 16 are based on RDI research with the exception of cooling water requirements for coal, oil, steam, and nuclear. In particular the data on combined cycle (CC) plants was derived by analyzing the cooling water procurement of dozens of new natural gas-fired CCs in the West. These data came from RDI’s NEWGen data and analysis service. In addition, the Kramer Junction Co. (KJC), which operates 165 MW of parabolic trough capacity near Kramer Junction, California, provided Platts/RDI Consulting with cooling water data on parabolic trough plants. The key conclusion from Exhibit 16 is that all thermal power stations, including parabolic troughs, use hundreds of gallons of cooling water per megawatt-hour of electricity. CCs use the least amount of water because of their high firing temperature in the combustion turbine portion of the combined cycle and the combustion of two different thermal cycles. Stand-alone combus- tion turbines do not use cooling water, but also operate at the lowest efficiency. Of renewable generating technologies, wind power, dish Stirling, and PV are the true water misers and use only one hundredth of the water required by other generating technologies. Only 33PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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