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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Exhibit 16: Cooling Water and Process Water Requirements by Plant Type, per MWh Plant Type Water (Gallons/MWh) Cooling Process Coal 670 (a) – (1) Combined Cycle 250-300 (b) – (1) Combustion Turbine None Variable (2) Nuclear 620 (c) – (1) Solar Power Tower 750 (d) 8.0 (d) Parabolic Trough 764 (e) 8 (e) Dish Stirling None 4.4 Flat Panel PV N/A 4.4 (3) Concentrating PV N/A 4.4 (3) Wind N/A 1.0 (c) Hydro N/A N/A SOURCE: (a) MWH Consulting, (b) RDI Consulting and NEWGen, (c) American Wind Energy Association (AWEA), (d) RDI Consulting estimate and (e) KJC Operating Co NOTE: Evaporative Cooling. Process water includes that used for make-up water for steam turbines, combustion turbine wash, air inlet fogging, solar mirror wash, wind turbine blade wash, etc. (1) Included in cooling water. (2) The amount of process water for turbine washes and inlet air fogging depends on location and application of turbine. (3) RDI Consulting estimates based on dish Stirling. process water is used for turbine blade or glass and mirror washing. Therefore, these generat- ing technologies should be of greatest interest to southwestern states where water is a precious resource and where an ever-growing population and associated water demand have put water supply reliability in the public eye. Global Warming Policies Could Restrain Fossil Generation Ninety percent of human energy needs are derived either by burning fossil fuels, such as coal, oil, or natural gas, or by burning wood, dung, and other types of biomass. In the combustion process, CO2 is formed and discharged into the atmosphere. Part of this CO2 is converted by photosynthesis (that is, plants) or absorbed by the oceans, with the remainder increasing the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere. From pre-industrial times to the present, the CO2 concentration in the atmosphere has risen from 280 parts per million (ppm) to close to 360 ppm. Its concentration is currently increasing at an accelerating rate, which is now about 3 to 5 ppm per year. Although the physics and chemistry of the Earth’s atmosphere are not understood well enough to draw precise conclu- sions about the effects of an increase in CO2 on the world’s climate, a large part of the scientific community concludes from atmospheric data and theoretical models that manmade CO2 emis- sions will result in an increase of the global surface temperature. (See also section, “Solar Power Insurance Against Kyoto Protocol.”) According to these scientists, such an increase in temperature would result in dramatic climate changes, which in turn may have a negative impact on the planet’s ecosystem (including agricul- 34PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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