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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY direct normal, and global radiation. Global radiation is the sum of direct and diffuse radiation. Haze increases the amount of diffuse radiation while at the same time the amount of direct nor- mal radiation decreases. Haze also results in reflection and absorption of sunlight, which reduces the overall amount of global radiation. On an overcast day, essentially all radiation that reaches the ground is diffuse, while on a clear day 93% to 95% of all radiation is direct normal. While flat panel PV power plants use both diffuse and direct radiation, CSP power plants (CPV, dish Stirling, power tower, and parabolic trough) can only use the direct component of the sunlight. This makes CSP unsuitable for areas with high humidity and frequent cloud cover, both of which result in scattering. However, this imposes little limitation on CSP power plants, because for the western U.S., areas of highest total (global) radiation are also areas with low humidity and few clouds. Radiation levels are affected by both weather conditions and the position of the sun above the horizon. The angle of the sun’s rays relative to the Earth’s surface changes during the day and with the seasons. In the winter, the sun is lower in the sky and less energy reaches the ground. In the summer, the sun is overhead and sunshine is stronger. In the Desert Southwest, toward the fall and winter, cloud cover increases and often shields the sun. For solar power generation using CSP, the annual average amount of solar energy reaching the ground needs to be 6.0 kilowatt-hours per square meter per day (kWh/m2/day) or higher. This is the case in many regions of the West (see “The Solar Energy Potential”). In premium solar resource areas, the average annual solar radiation exceeds 7.0 kWh/m2/day. Using the most effi- cient solar generating technology (dish Stirling), an area the size of an NBA basketball court locat- ed in a premium solar resource would generate 60,740 kWh of electricity a year. To generate the same amount of electric energy, natural gas equivalent to 60 barrels of oil would have to be burned in a combined cycle power plant. Exhibit 20 displays this energy and shows that solar radi- ation is a concentrated form of power. Current technology can capture large amounts of this ener- gy and convert it to electricity—indefinitely, domestically, and with no pollution or price volatility. Exhibit 19: Direct Normal, Diffuse, and Global Solar Radiation SOURCE: Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkinton Solar International, 1996. Used by permission. 44PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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