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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY For this purpose, RDI Consulting estimated the land requirements in solar resources areas based on the typical performance of CSP technologies. Land Requirements With noontime direct normal radiation levels as high as 1,050 W/m2 in many areas of the Desert Southwest, solar radiation can be very strong during midday. Nevertheless, the sun does not shine year round with the same intensity, and, during its path across the sky, the sun’s intensity changes. In addition, weather conditions, such as clouds or haze, can change the level of direct normal solar radiation received by the collectors of a solar power plant. The amount of solar energy that a solar power plant can convert to electricity depends on the tech- nology. For example, dish Stirling systems produce more energy per acre than power tower plants. Here, for the purpose of comparing the land requirements of solar power plants to conventional plants, we used typical performance values of CSP plants. In order to estimate the energy produc- tion, we used engineering data and hourly annual solar radiation data from Las Vegas, a premium solar resource area—defined as an area that has radiation levels in excess of 7.0 kWh/m2/day. Not all areas of the Desert Southwest are premium solar resource areas. But, initial development of large-scale solar power plants would likely occur in premium resource areas and, as we will show later, premium solar resources are abundant in the Desert Southwest. In Exhibit 21 we show the amount of land a CSP power plant would require in order to produce the same amount of annual energy as an equivalent conventional or other renewable energy source. For example, a nuclear plant with a capacity of 1,000 MW is expected to operate at a capacity factor of 85% per year and will thus produce 7,446 GWh of electricity. In order to pro- vide the same amount of energy, a solar power plant would occupy a square of land with sides of 5.2 miles. Equally, a solar power plant would require a 3.6 x 3.6-mile plot to substitute for a 525-MW natural gas-fired combined cycle plant or a 500-MW coal plant. Exhibit 21: Land Requirements of a Concentrating Solar Power Plant Compared to Conventional Power Plants, by Annual Energy Production Plant Type Nuclear Coal Combined Cycle Wind Lake Powell (Hydro) Capacity (MW) 1,000 500 525 30 1,300 Conventional Plant Capacity Factor 85% 85% 80% 45% (2) 48% (3) Generation (GWh) 7,446 3,723 3,679 118 5,466 Plant Footprint (Acres) TBD TBD TBD 960 (2) 161,280 Acres 13,227 6,613 6,536 210 9,710 Solar Plant (1) Plant Footprint Miles x Miles 5.2 x 5.2 3.6 x 3.6 3.6 x 3.6 0.6 x 0.6 3.9 x 3.9 Solar/Plant Type TBD TBD TBD 22% 6% SOURCE: POWERdat and RDI Consulting (1) Typical concentrating solar power plant in premium solar resource area (average radiation ≥ 7.0 kWh/m2/day). (2) In Wind Power Class 7. (3) 1995-2000 average. 46PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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