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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Research in Denmark on wind, which faces similar weather-related intermittence problems, has shown that a penetration of wind power as high as 10% poses few problems to the reliability of the bulk power supply, even if wind capacity is not backed up by conventional power sources. And the better the wind forecast, the smaller the problem—which is why the Danish system operator is investing in its wind forecasting abilities. For solar power, weather-related intermit- tence is even less of a problem, because sunshine is easier to forecast than wind. Further, sun- shine in top solar resource areas is very consistent. The challenges stemming from the weather- related intermittence of wind and solar resources may often be overstated. While geographic diversity can address weather-related intermittence, the nightly setting of the sun requires some form of off-sun generation. For thermal solar power plants, heat storage or fossil fuel hybridization provides means to produce power even after the sun has set or when clouds move in. In the Desert Southwest, the problem of the daily cycle is further reduced by the fact that during the summer—when power is needed the most—nights are short and only about one-third of the electricity is consumed between dusk and dawn. At the same time, howev- er, demand continues to be relatively high for a few hours into the night, which suggests that off- sun generation, either with fossil fuels or heat energy storage, would be beneficial for solar power plants. In this section, we will explain the off-sun generating technologies that allow thermal solar power plants to produce power even when the sun does not shine. In principle, both heat storage and fossil fuel hybridization allow around-the-clock generation. These technologies are inherent to ther- mal solar power plants, which include all CSP technologies with the exception of CPV. Currently, heat storage is much more efficient and economical than energy storage in batteries, flywheels, or through hydrogen production. Whether and to what extent off-sun generating capabilities will be used will be determined by the economics of the market in which the solar plant operates. Dealing with the Nightly Outage Thermal solar generating technologies can provide electricity even when the sun does not shine because, unlike PV cells, which convert sunlight directly into electricity, thermal solar technolo- gies first convert the light into heat and then use a thermodynamic cycle to produce electricity. For the power cycle, however, it does not matter whether the heat comes directly from the sun, from heat energy storage, or even a boiler. Currently only parabolic trough plants and power towers allow for off-sun generation by using either heat storage or fossil fuel hybridization. While fossil fuel hybridization is easily incorporat- ed into parabolic trough and power towers and has been demonstrated for dish Stirling systems, in all instances it suffers from low efficiencies compared to combined cycle systems. Heat stor- age for dish Stirling systems has been proposed, but has not yet been attempted. While around-the-clock generation may be desirable from an operator’s point of view and 53PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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