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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY appears to preselect parabolic trough plants and power towers, in reality economic, siting, and environmental considerations will likely call for a mix of concentrating solar generation technolo- gies—with and without off-sun generation. Ultimately, power markets will determine the winning technologies and the solar generation mix. The purpose of this section is to show how off-sun generation works and that it could provide reliable power. Using Supplemental Off-Sun Power Heat Storage A distinct advantage of power tower and parabolic trough solar thermal power plants is the avail- ability of a relatively inexpensive way of storing energy in the form of heat,5 especially compared with other intermittent renewable energies, such as PV and wind. Solar power plants with heat storage collect thermal energy during the day by increasing the temperature of a large heat reservoir. At one of the parabolic trough plants near Kramer Junction, California, heat storage utilized oil (see “The 354-MW SEGS Power Plants”). However, the power tower demonstration project, Solar Two, used a more effective and safer molten-salt storage system. In future applications, the heat reservoir will, therefore, likely be a large tank of molten salt rather than oil. The heat capacity of these storage systems is very large. For exam- ple, six-hour full-load heat storage of a 100-MW parabolic trough contains enough energy to power a home for nearly 70 years.6 Molten-salt heat storage is technologically ready, safe, and the most economic of all thermal energy storage technologies. It allows thermal energy to be collected during the day and to be saved for use at night or it can be used to keep the plant at full output when clouds pass over the plant location. The effectiveness of heat storage increases with the operating temperature of the thermal solar power plant. The high temperatures of the power cycle in power towers make this technology particular attractive for heat energy storage In a competitive market, energy storage also allows the operator to maximize profits. For exam- ple, during periods of low hourly power prices, the operator could forgo generation and dump heat into storage. At times of high prices, the plant could run at full capacity even if the solar field was not receiving full sun, or no sun at all. Many of the high load/high price periods in the Desert Southwest occur in the three to four hours after dark—a time period the operator could target for dispatch. Therefore, additional revenues from the energy market may justify the cost of adding storage. Additional flexibility in the operation of a thermal solar plant with storage comes from oversizing the solar field, that is, the collectors generate more heat than required by the steam turbine of the plant. For example, a 100-MW thermal solar plant could have a solar field that has a nominal 54PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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