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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY The purpose of this analysis is to show that the nightly outage is not a great limitation to the large-scale deployment of solar power plants, even if all the generation is “pure solar.” Heat stor- age could provide off-sun generation as needed. Fossil Fuel Hybridization All thermal solar power plants have the option of hybridization with fossil fuels, because heat is what generates electricity in dish Stirling systems, parabolic trough plants, and power towers. Hybridization is possible for all three technologies. The ease of hybridization for trough and tower plants stems from the fact that the boiler is an entirely separate component, while for dish Stirling systems the hybridization needs to be an integral part of the design—and that has proven to be more difficult to design and implement. Hybridization with fossil fuels allows around-the-clock generation. The supplemental firing can be used at night, during cloud cover, or to even out seasonal variations in sunshine. When running on natural gas, a parabolic trough plant or power tower becomes an ordinary steam plant. The heat rate (efficiency) in this operating mode can, in theory, approach 9,000 Btu/kWh at best, which is 30% less efficient than a modern combined cycle plant. Despite the poor efficiency, operating on natural gas remains a reasonable economic choice for the plant, because it increases the dispatch of the plant, provided the cost of producing power with natural gas is lower than what the plant can earn in the wholesale market. A parabolic trough plant in hybrid mode running on natural gas produces power at higher emis- sions and at a higher fuel cost than a combined cycle plant, because of its lower efficiency and poorer environmental controls. Despite the higher fuel consumption compared to a combined cycle plant, the levelized cost of hybridization is reasonable because hybridization uses equip- ment that otherwise would be idle (except for the boiler, which is only built for use in hybridiza- tion mode). The reason for considering hybridization for off-sun generation is that it is less capi- tal intensive than heat storage. However, it forgoes the advantages of zero emissions and con- tinues to expose a portion of the plant’s energy production to the price volatility of natural gas. Fossil fuel hybridization muddles the character of a solar plant and, for that reason solar power plant developers seem to distance themselves from using natural gas other than for operational purposes, for example, keeping the heat transfer fluids liquid during cold weather or outages. Nevertheless, if new solar power plants are built, some of them may still feature fossil fuel hybridization as a means of producing power when the sun does not shine. Eight out of nine operating parabolic trough units near Kramer Junction use hybridization for off-sun generation. 57PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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