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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Exhibit 36: Capital and Production Cost of Electric Generation Technologies Plant Type Coal Combined Cycle Combustion Turbine Wind Solar (1) Power Cost $/MWh Dish Stirling Power Tower 26–33 45–48 110–135 Parabolic Trough 40 Capital Cost $/kW 900–1,200 525–600 325–450 850 187 90 134 Heat Rate (HHV) Btu/kWh 8,500–10,000 7,100 10,900 N/A 2,650 2,713 2,877 Fuel Cost $/mmBtu 1.20 3.87 3.87 0 NA 8 hrs, 1.8x 4 hrs, 1.8x Capacity Factor 85% 80% 8–10% 35–45% 25.2% 48% 34.1% SOURCE: RDI Consulting. NOTE: All costs are expressed in $2001 for currently available technology decreases significantly, new capacity from biomass will be small and biomass generation will not play an important role in future energy markets. We provide a brief summary of the capital and production costs of electric generating technolo- gies in Exhibit 36. How to Account for External Costs Exhibit 36 provides a comparison of generating technologies based on their costs. But environ- mentalists and the developers of renewable energy sources have repeatedly argued that a fair comparison of the cost of electricity should include the external costs of using coal, oil, nuclear, or hydropower. For example, the fossil fuel industry does not pay the cost of treating respiratory illnesses stemming from air pollution; instead, the health care system does. Yet, the fossil fuel industry would argue that it makes royalty payments to the government, which in turn fund the healthcare system. An endless number of examples can be found and any billions, or even tril- lions, of dollars in external cost can be argued over—or away. It is our view that the external costs of various fuels and generating technologies are indeed sig- nificant. Nevertheless, they cannot be “calculated.” The public knows about many of these exter- nalities, and in this report we have discussed some of them. Legislators and regulators increas- ingly acknowledge these costs and have begun to reward—with tax incentives or buydowns— those who do not burden our society with waste or pollution. Especially in Europe, external costs are widely recognized, and many have been priced higher than in the U.S. Society values, via tax breaks or green energy premiums, clean sources of energy. And we have considered this premium, and thus to a certain extent externality costs, in our financial model. Our market-based approach accounts for the external costs of other forms of energy by assum- ing tax credits and price premiums for solar energy that appear likely, have occurred in the past, or are awarded now. Our base case financial assumptions, for example, include an investment tax credit. Such an investment tax credit is an implicit acknowledgment of the external costs of other sources of power. 76PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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