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Chapter 3 A Primer on Solar Generating Technologies Whereas the public often associates flat panel photovoltaic (PV) with solar power, it is in fact thermal solar power plants, such as parabolic trough, power towers, and dish Stirling, that can provide economic large-scale power generation today. With PV, electric power is produced by light directly in a semiconductor, while in thermal solar generation the heat of the sun is used to power an engine or turbine. The 354-MW parabolic trough solar thermal power plants in California’s Mojave Desert (see “The 354-MW SEGS Power Plants”) contribute more than 70% of the worldwide production of solar electric energy. The capacity of these plants is 140 times greater than the 2.5 MW of utility PV installed in the West as of October 2000. And, it is 2.5 times larger than the cumulative capacity of all PV cells—from calculators to the international space station—ever sold in the U.S. since the solar cell was first invented. Thermal solar power plants, such as dish Stirling, power towers, and parabolic trough, are cost- effective means of generating electric power from solar energy. They are simple, well under- stood, and already achieve efficiencies currently out of the reach of commercial PV cells. Though both PV and thermal solar generating technologies have risks, the type of risk is differ- ent. Thermal solar power plants are simply new applications of technologies originally developed for fossil fuel power generation, the chemical industry, and the military. Solutions for most of the technical challenges they would expect to face have probably already been devised, whereas advances in PV will require advances in materials. In the following sections we provide a primer on solar generating technologies from flat panel PV to solar towers. Photovoltaic Electric Power At the heart of any PV cell, commonly known as a “solar cell,” is a semiconductor junction, which absorbs light within a certain frequency range and creates an electric potential. PV cells with only one such junction, the typical PV cell, can only utilize a portion of the light spectrum. This is one of the reasons that the efficiency of even the best single-junction cell does not 79PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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