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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY and efficient PV cells. CPV uses cheap lenses to leverage the costly PV modules and is likely to reach a lower cost of power than flat panel PV. Due to the smaller size of the panel per kilowatt, the use of a two-axis tracking mechanism is possible, and worthwhile, which increases overall system efficiency and capacity factors. While PV benefits from technology transfer from the semiconductor and computer chip industry, solutions to many of the challenges that will make PV economical are not known at this point. As the recent decade has shown, efficiency gains and cost reductions in commercial PV are hard to come by. Nevertheless, research in PV should continue. PV is reliable and requires little mainte- nance. And CPV has the potential to leverage PV cell performance. There are inherent advantages to using PV. Besides being able to use both direct and scattered light, PV cells have no moving parts and, because PV uses the photoelectric effect, it can, in theory, reach efficiencies not possible with any practical thermodynamic cycle. Yet, we believe that in the near term PV, especially flat panel PV, will only play a small role in large-scale solar electric generation. Thermal Solar Power Thermal solar power plants use the heat of the sun to generate electricity. By itself, the sun’s heat would not be enough to power engines or turbines. Therefore, in thermal solar power plants, the sunlight is first concentrated using mirrors either on a single point or on a tube. For this reason thermal solar power plants (and concentrating PV) are collectively referred to as con- centrating solar power (CSP) technologies. There are three different thermal CSP technologies: power tower, parabolic trough, and dish Stirling. The three systems differ in the way they concentrate and collect sunlight, but the final step of generating electricity is identical, in that an engine or turbine is used to convert heat to electric energy (similar to a conventional power plant). The solar collectors concentrate the sunlight, and the light then hits a heat collector, which contains a heat transfer fluid that powers an engine or steam turbine. Simply put, a solar thermal power plant is a conventional power plant using the sun’s heat as the energy source. Therefore, thermal power plants can be hybridized with fossil fuels because it is heat, not light as in PV, that powers the plant, and that heat can come from any source. Power Towers Two systems were built in the 1980s and 1990s, as demonstration plants. The units operated successfully, but were decommissioned after the demonstration period. Though new power tower systems are not being actively pursued in the U.S., there is activity in Spain on a third power tower (Solar Tres). If successful abroad and if a solar power market develops in the U.S., the companies involved in projects abroad would likely bring the technology back to the U.S. 82PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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