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FUEL FROM THE SKY: SOLAR POWER’S POTENTIAL FOR WESTERN ENERGY SUPPLY Southwest, it appears that at today’s cost for solar collectors and heat storage, a solar-to-elec- tric capacity ratio of 1.8 with four hours of storage provides the greatest value.5 While the two power tower demonstration projects were successful, the units only operated for a limited time, and more long-term experience with the technology would be desirable. In particular, the reliability of the solar receiver at the top of the tower is unclear until longer-term operating experience can be obtained, even though the second receiver built for the Solar Two project veri- fied the design expectations. In the receiver, thin-walled tubing and its joints are subject to consid- erable thermal stress, which could lead to cracks. However, Boeing Co., the maker of the solar receiver and the molten-salt storage system, has applied its experience from rocket engine nozzle technology, where comparable high heat transfer thin-wall tubing technology is employed, to solar towers, and it is confident that the receiver and storage technology will perform reliably. On the downside, power towers must take advantage of economies of scale and can only cost- effectively be built in 50- or 100-MW units. Also, power towers require the largest amount of space per megawatt of energy produced of any CSP technology. Detailed cost and performance data are summarized in Exhibit 40. Parabolic Troughs The solar field of a parabolic trough plant consists of long parallel rows of trough-like reflectors— typically made of glass mirrors. As the sun moves from east to west, the troughs follow the tra- jectory of the sun by rotating along their axes. Each trough focuses the sun’s energy on a pipe located along its focal line (see Exhibit 39). A heat transfer fluid, typically oil at temperatures up to 400°C (750°F), is circulated through the pipes and then pumped to a central power block area, where it passes through a heat exchanger. The heat transfer fluid then generates steam in a heat exchanger, which is used in turn to drive a conventional steam turbine generator. Exhibit 39: Design of a Parabolic Trough System SOURCE: Status Report on Solar Thermal Power Plants, Pilkinton Solar International, 1996. Used with permission. 84PDF Image | Solar Fuel From The Sky
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